Colposcopy and Treatment of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia - RHO

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Preface The resource constraints for health-care systems in many developing countries are substantial, with practical challenges on how colposcopy and treatment of early cervical neoplasia can be integrated into and delivered through these health services. Awareness of these limitations will pave the way to establishing, integrating, and maintaining such services within the health-care infrastructure of developing countries. We hope that this manual will help the learner, given access to a colposcope, to start performing colposcopy and recognizing lesions, and in effectively treating them with cryotherapy or loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP). We believe that, in due course, it will catalyse and contribute to the initiation and dissemination of preventive services for cervical cancer in low-resource regions and countries. John W. Sellors M.D. R. Sankaranarayanan M.D. xii
Chapter 1 An introduction to the anatomy of the uterine cervix • The cervix, the lower fibromuscular portion of the uterus, measures 3-4 cm in length and 2.5 cm in diameter; however, it varies in size and shape depending on age, parity and menstrual status of the woman. • Ectocervix is the most readily visible portion of the cervix; endocervix is largely invisible and lies proximal to the external os. • Ectocervix is covered by a pink stratified squamous epithelium, consisting of multiple layers of cells and a reddish columnar epithelium consisting of a single layer of cells lines the endocervix. The intermediate and superficial cell layers of the squamous epithelium contain glycogen. • The location of squamocolumnar junction in relation to the external os varies depending upon age, menstrual status, and other factors such as pregnancy and oral contraceptive use. • Ectropion refers to the eversion of the columnar epithelium onto the ectocervix, when the cervix grows rapidly and enlarges under the influence of estrogen, after menarche and during pregnancy. • Squamous metaplasia in the cervix refers to the physiological replacement of the everted columnar epithelium on the ectocervix by a newly formed squamous epithelium from the subcolumnar reserve cells. • The region of the cervix where squamous metaplasia occurs is referred to as the transformation zone. • Identifying the transformation zone is of great importance in colposcopy, as almost all manifestations of cervical carcinogenesis occur in this zone. A thorough understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the cervix is absolutely essential for effective colposcopic practice. This chapter deals with the gross and microscopic anatomy of the uterine cervix and the physiology of the transformation zone. The cervix is the lower fibromuscular portion of the uterus. It is cylindrical or conical in shape, and measures 3 to 4 cm in length, and 2.5 cm in diameter. It is supported by the cardinal and uterosacral ligaments, which stretch between the lateral and posterior portions of the cervix and the walls of the bony pelvis. The lower half of the cervix, called the portio vaginalis, protrudes into the vagina through its anterior wall, and the upper half remains above the vagina (Figure 1.1). The portio vaginalis opens into the vagina through an orifice called the external os. The cervix varies in size and shape depending on the woman’s age, parity and hormonal status. In parous women, it is bulky and the external os appears as a wide, gaping, transverse slit. In nulliparous women, the external os resembles a small circular opening in the centre of the cervix. The supravaginal portion meets with the muscular body of the uterus at the internal cervical os. The portion of the cervix lying exterior to the external os is called the ectocervix. This is the portion of the cervix that is 1
Page 1 and 2: Colposcopy and Treatment of Cervica
Page 3 and 4: INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH O
Page 5 and 6: Published by the International Agen
Page 7 and 8: Contents 11 Management that provide
Page 9 and 10: Acknowledgements The authors gratef
Page 11: Preface Health care providers have
Page 15 and 16: An introduction to the anatomy of t
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 2 An introduction to cervic
Page 27 and 28: An introduction to cervical intraep
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 3 An introduction to invasi
Page 35 and 36: An introduction to invasive cancer
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 4 Table 4.1: Indications fo
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 4 FIGURE 4.2: Colposcope wi
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 4 FIGURE 4.6: Endocervical
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 4 Table 4.2: Preneoplastic
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 5 between the two ocular le
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 5 Obtain specimens for labo
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 5 FIGURE 5.2: Biopsy techni
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 5 tissue tends to mimic inv
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 6 invasive carcinoma. Even
Page 59 and 60: Chapter 6 ages (Figures 1.7d, 1.7e,
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 6 FIGURE 6.7: The colour ch
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Chapter 6 Crypt openings Immature s
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Chapter 6 a FIGURE 6.17: An area of
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Chapter 7 The colposcopic diagnosis
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Chapter 7 appears as individual sma
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Chapter 7 acid stain is correlated
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Chapter 7 FIGURE 7.15: Moderately d
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Chapter 7 FIGURE 7.23: A dense acet
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Chapter 7 FIGURE 7.30: Mustard yell
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Chapter 7 We recommend that the stu
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Chapter 8 highlights this responsib
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Chapter 8 Appearance before applica
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Chapter 8 diagnosis of AIS and aden
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Chapter 8 a ↑ FIGURE 8.10: Adenoc
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Chapter 9 Inflammatory lesions of t
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Inflammatory lesions of the uterine
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Inflammatory lesions of the uterine
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Chapter 10 Table 10.1: Common sourc
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Chapter 10 Table 10.2 (cont.): A su
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Chapter 11 FIGURE 11.1: Flow chart
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Chapter 11 treatment policies for p
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Chapter 11 Vaginal delivery can be
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Chapter 12 involvement increases wi
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Chapter 12 Table 12.1: Eligibility
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Chapter 12 a b c d e f FIGURE 12.6:
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Chapter 12 during the follow-up in
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Chapter 13 (2) (1) FIGURE 13.2: Ele
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Chapter 13 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (8)
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Chapter 13 Once the specimen has be
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Chapter 13 in the endocervical cana
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Chapter 14 Decontamination, cleanin
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Decontamination, cleaning, high-lev
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References Herrero, R. (1997) Preva
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Further reading Suggestions on furt
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Appendix Leukoplakia Condylom
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Appendix regardless of your pregnan
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Appendix Monsel’s paste Ingredien
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Appendix 5 The modified Reid colpos
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Index Acetowhitening . . . . . . .
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Colposcopy and Treatment of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia - RHO

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