Volume 6, Spring 2008 - Saddleback College

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Fall 2007 Biology 3A Abstracts bacteria live in close association with the plant. In legumes the bacteria live in small growths on the roots called nodules. Within these nodules, nitrogen fixation is done by the bacteria, and the NH3 produced is absorbed by the plant. Nitrogen fixation by legumes is a partnership between a bacterium and a plant (Lindmann, Glover, 2003). Legumes do not need assistance from mycorrhizea in nitrogen fixation. This may be the reason our results did not match previous findings. Perhaps a different species of plant, other than Phaseolus vulgaris, would replicate the previous test results of Wilson and Hartnett. Literature Cited Baas, R., Van der Werf A. Root Respiration and Growth an Plantago Major as Affected by Vesicular- Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Infection. Plant Physiology. 1989 Sep; 91(1): 227-232. Clark, R.B. 1997. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Adaptation, Spore Germination, Root Colonization and Host Plant Growth and Mineral Acquisition at Low pH. Plant and Soil 192: 15-22, 1997. Daft, M.J. 1966. Effect of Endogone Mycorrhiza on Plant Growth. Department of Botany, Queen’s College, Dundee. Gerdemann, J.W. 1968. Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and Plant Growth. Department of Plant Pathology, Univrsity of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. Kothari, S.K., Marschner H. Effect of VA Mycorrhizal Fungi and Rhizophere Microorganisms on Root and Shoot Morphology, Growth and Water Relations. New Phytology1990. 116, 303-311. Kytovita, M.M. Micorrhizal Benefit in Two Low Arctic Herbs Increases with Increasing Temperature. American Journal of Botany, 2007. 94:1309-1315. Lindmann, W.C., Glover, C.R. 2003. Nitrogen Fixation by Legumes. College of Agriculture and Home Economics. Malloch, D.W., Pirozynski, K.A., Raven, P.H. 1980. Ecological and Evolutionary Significance of Mycorrhizal Symbioses in Vascular Plants. National Academy of Science, 1980. 77:2113-2118. Smith, S.E. Physiological Interactions Between Symbionts in Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Plants. Plant Physiology, 1988. 39:221-44. Wilson, Gail, Hartnett, D.C. 1997. Effects of Mycorrhizae on Plant Growth and Dynamics in Experimental Tallgrass Prairie Microcosms. American Journal of Botany, 84(4): 478-482. Wilson, Gail, Hartnett, D.C., Smith, M.D., 2001. Effects of Mycorrhizal on growth and demography of Tallgrass prairie Forbs. American Journal of Botany, 2001; 88:1452-1457 72 Saddleback Journal of Biology Spring 2008
Fall 2007 Biology 3A Abstracts Exhaustion due to Mental Stress and Metabolism of Sugar and Caffeine in Energy Drinks Thomas Caldwell Department of Biological Science Saddleback College Mission Viejo, CA 92692 The average American consumes energy drinks on a regular basis to maintain energy levels throughout the day, but this consumption of unstable energy leads to extreme exhaustion throughout the day. Prior research shows that the caffeine in energy drink when combined with sugar can have negative effects on the body in the long run. The purpose of this research is to discover whether the exhaustion is due to the metabolism of sugar and caffeine or just caffeine alone. Six subjects were chosen to drink water, sugared energy drinks, and diet energy drinks on separate days. Over a period of time, their reaction times were measured and recorded. The data was analyzed for a time of crashing and it was found that the average time period of crashing for the water trial was 1.54 ± 0.18 hours (MEAN ± SE, N = 6), the sugar energy drink was 1.50 ± 0.23 hours (MEAN ± SE, N = 6), and the diet energy drink was 1.71 ± 0.22 hours (MEAN ± SE, N = 6). A one-tailed, paired t-test showed that there was no difference between the results of the energy drink trials (p = 0.28). An ANOVA comparison of the results revealed that there were no significant differences in the three groups (p = 0.76). Caffeine alone is the major contributor to mental exhaustion from energy drink consumption. Introduction It is well known that sugar-based energy drinks give people a quick boost of chemical energy early in the day due to the ingestion high concentrations of sugar and caffeine. However, as soon as the body utilizes the chemical energy in the energy drinks, the body crashes and becomes exhausted due to a lack of energy. The reasoning for the exhaustion is that the energy drinks contain high concentrations of simple sugars, specifically sucrose and fructose, which the body metabolizes too quickly and gets depleted. Since people generally take energy drinks to maintain their energy levels to do work later on in the day, mental and physical activities will increase the rate of ATP expenditure. An increased use of ATP beyond normal capacity would lead to mental exhaustion, especially if the body is dependent on simple sugars as the main source of energy instead of more stable, energy-abundant carbohydrates, such as starch. Caffeine is a drug found in many consumer food products which stimulates the body’s functions such as the circulatory and nervous systems to keep the body alert and energized. It is one of the main ingredients found in high concentrations in energy drinks. It is not well known as to whether the caffeine contributes to the body’s exhaustion or if it is 73 Saddleback Journal of Biology Spring 2008 beneficial to the body’s effort in utilizing energy. If caffeine does not directly cause mental exhaustion, then it must be the rapid metabolism of simple sugars that causes the exhaustion. However, there is plenty of information regarding the consumption of caffeine and its impacts on the healthy well-being of people who consume caffeine on a daily basis. Maughan and Griffin (2003) found that caffeine and methylxanthine compounds may have adverse effects on the body’s diuretic functions. It is possible that energy drinks may cause the body to excrete more of its own store of water and become dehydrated; the dehydration would in turn deprive the body of energy and cause it to become exhausted. This is one mechanism that explains how energy drinks effect the body’s utilization of energy. As theorized by the scientists, the abstinence from caffeine may actually increase the rate of exhaustion and dehydration due to a caffeine withdrawal and an increase in urination; this, however, has not yet been proven scientifically (Maughan and Griffin, 2003). MacGregor et al (1990) injected folatedeficient rats with caffeine and discovered that while the deficiency of folic acid in rats causes chromosomal damage in their DNA, caffeine actually increased the potential for the chromosomal damage by a significant amount. The scientists stated that folate deficiency and
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Volume 6, Spring 2008 - Saddleback College

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