Volume 6, Spring 2008 - Saddleback College

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Fall 2007 Biology 3A Abstracts Ave. Chlorophyll Concentratio 4 3 2 1 0 Inside Figure 1. Bar graph showing the mean + SE values for chlorophyll concentration. Discussion In measuring and comparing the chlorophyll content of leaves inside the greenhouse and their normal environment of a cyclamen plant, the results showed there was no difference in amount of chlorophyll between the two. The experiment attests that the major factors contributing to chlorophyll concentration of leaves inside the greenhouse and their normal environment is overall location of the plant (Lafferty 2001). In the experiment concerning the monitoring of chlorophyll in sugar maples tree leaves (Cate and Perkins, 2003), it was stated that angle of incidence and PAR irradiance affect chloroplast distribution and angle (Haupt 1982). In addition, in an experiment to determine the absorption of light by chlorophyll solutions (G. MacKinney, 1941), it was found that solvents, including 80% anhydrous acetone, have an affect on the absorption coefficients of chlorophyll a and b, altering them. All of these factors come into play with chlorophyll analysis. Given that the majority of the readings of the samples taken from the leaves were not significantly different to each other. The average chlorophyll content was very similar to each other. After running several analyses, it appears that there was not a significant difference between leaves inside the greenhouse and from their normal environment. This 1 Outside may be due to the fact that since the leaves inside the greenhouse might receive nearly the same amount of sunlight exposure to undergo photosynthesis as the leaves from the normal environment. The vinyl that we used for the experiment was transparent. Therefore, the sun light went through the vinyl and did support the production of chlorophyll (Farabee 2001). A Greenhouse is a better environment for plants to grow, and it support insulating heat, keeping moisture inside and preventing from herbivores to eat (Hershey 2001). No significant difference appeared. This may be due from the temperature and moisture. Further research of correlations of temperature and moisture would be required to verify this. Literature Cited Campbell, N. A. and Reece, J. B. 2005. Biology: Seventh Edition. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc. Cate, T. M. and Perkins, T. D. 2003. Chlorophyll content monitoring in sugar maple (Acer saccharum). Tree Physiology. 23, 1077−1079 Farabee, M. J. 2001. Photosynthesis. . Hershey, David (2001) Botany, The Greenhouse environment, New York Knudson, Linda L. (1977) Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin Lafferty, Kenneth (2001) Plant Biology, Science buddies, New York MacKinney, G. 1941. Absorption of Light By Chlorophyll Solutions. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 132, 315-322 Speer, B. R. 1995. Photosynthetic Pigments. . Wells, Kenneth (2000) Department of agriculture, University of Kentucky, Kentucky "Something New Under the Sun." Bio Medicine 10 December 2007 The Effects of Ginkgo Biloba on the Cognitive Thinking of Mus musculus Milad Danesh 86 Saddleback Journal of Biology Spring 2008
Fall 2007 Biology 3A Abstracts Department of Biological Science Saddleback College Mission Viejo, CA 92692 Cognitive thinking improvement is a highly sought out activity in today’s society. One method of improving cognitive thinking is through the use of Ginkgo biloba, a method that dates back to Ancient China. Ginkgo biloba has frequently been associated with mind enhancement, but recent studies have shown conflicting results. An experiment was carried out to accumulate more knowledge on the matter. A group of ten mice (Mus musculus) underwent a series of three trials to test the effects of Ginkgo biloba. The first trial involved the mice being exposed to a maze, under normal conditions, in which their ability to reach the goal box was measured by time. A second trial was administered in a similar manner, but with the mice being under the influence of Ginkgo biloba. A third and final trial was administered, after the second trial, in which the mice were free of Ginkgo biloba. The completion time for each mouse was recorded for each trial. Data analyses comparing the data for each trial showed that there was no significant increase in performance when the mice were under the influence of Ginkgo biloba. The results of the experiment have shown that there is no positive correlation between Ginkgo biloba use and cognitive thinking in mice. Introduction In an increasingly competitive world, society is always looking for ways to increase their cognitive thinking ability. Such an increase can be particularly helpful in schooling, and can be used as possible treatments for various mental disorders. One such method that has been used since Ancient China is the consumption of Ginkgo biloba extract (Carson-DeWitt 2007). Potential benefits of consuming the extract include improvement of cognitive memory, processing speed, attention, and concentration (Elovic and Zafonte 2001). In a study that examined the effectiveness of Ginkgo biloba, it was concluded that the extract could improve cognitive performance in patients with dementia (Huffman 2002). However, some studies have also concluded that Gingko biloba has no effect at all. One study examined the effects of Ginkgo biloba on subjects over the age of 60. Results came out negative, and the study concluded that there was no significant increase in cognitive memory after taking the extract (Huffman 2003). Another study, though, has shown that Ginkgo biloba can be beneficial for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (Sierpina, Wollschlaeger, and Blumenthal 2003). One study concluded that Ginkgo biloba extract had no effect on the memory of healthy adults, but conceded that it might be helpful in larger dosages (Frankish 2002). The recommended dosage ranges from 120 to 240 milligrams a day (Heffel 2006). 87 Saddleback Journal of Biology Spring 2008 However, in larger amounts, Ginkgo biloba has been known to carry side effects. Ginkgo can thin-out blood if taken with medication and can also adversely affect blood-glucose levels in diabetics (Gale 2007). It is important to know the effects that Ginkgo biloba extract has on cognitive thinking in order to gain knowledge on how it could be used for human benefit. Since the ginkgo plant is long-lived and can withstand areas with strong pollution, the extract can be made readily available in large amounts (Dilcher 2007). The hypothesis that will be tested is that consumption of Ginkgo biloba extract has a positive effect on the cognitive thinking in mice (Mus musculus). A similar study has been done that showed positive results, but further examination is needed for a more solid conclusion (Gajewski and Hensch 1999). The results of this experiment could potentially show that ginkgo has a positive effect on cognitive thinking. In this event, the leaf extract could be used to improve cognitive thinking in students or could even be used in the treatment of dementia. Materials and Methods Mice (Mus musculus) were received from Petco, Mission Viejo, California. The mice were kept in well-ventilated containers, where they remained until the initiation of the first trial. The treatment of
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