Assessment of Conversion Technologies for Bioalcohol Fuel ...

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Figure A18. RITE/Honda Process Colusa Biomass Energy Corp., Colusa, California Organizational Background–Colusa Biomass Energy Corporation (CBE), founded in 2001, is a publicly-traded biomass-to-energy company focusing on biofuels for transportation. The company is located in the heart of the Sacramento Valey’s rice producing area. CBE has patent rights to an acid hydrolysis-based technology for producing ethanol and co-products from cellulosic biomass feedstocks, focusing primarily on rice straw. Technology Characteristics–The technology employed by CBE uses a hammermill or ball-mill to grind the rice straw and rice hulls to 45-55 mesh (~300 microns or 1/100”). Dilute sulfuric (or other) acid (0.03 M), along with the ground biomass, are added to a steam explosion chamber. This process consists of the chemical impregnation of the ground biomass, short time steam cooking, and pressure release, refining and bleaching. An anti-oxidant is added in order to protect the biomass against oxidation during the cooking stage and to simultaneously develop hydrophilic groups on the fiber surface during the steam treatment. The solids are separated from the liquid phase using a belt-press filter to 70-80% total solids. This material is feed into a second counter-current extractor using sodium hydroxide to dissolve the lignin and silica. An ultra-filtration membrane system, 104
developed by CBE, is used to separate the cellulose from the lignin from the sodium silicate. The filtered cellulose is washed with a washing centrifuge. A belt-press filter is used to remove water to 70-80% cellulose. The cellulose is hydrolyzed with acid hydrolyzing enzymes. The sugars, generated from the hydrolyzed cellulose, are fermented to ethanol. Ethanol and lignin are mixed in a ratio of 3.8 parts of ethanol to 1.0 part lignin (weight/weight) to produce a petroleum-like fuel. Development Status–A pilot plant testing the process employed by CBE was reportedly operated for 24 months beginning in the mid-1990s. CBE has acquired a 20 acre site in Colusa, California to employ this process for the production of bioethanol, silica/sodium oxide and lignin from waste rice straw and rice hulls. The company has engaged an engineering firm to develop full plant specifications and plans. The company began rice straw harvesting operations during the 2006 harvest season. Future Development Plans–The Colusa Biomass Project is scheduled to be initiated in the fourth quarter of 2007. The Colusa facility is planned to consume as much as 165,000 tons of waste biomass annually, with planned production of from 10 to 20 million gallons of ethanol and 28,000 tons of silica/sodium oxide per year. Silica/sodium oxide is a widely used ingredient with applications in the paper industry, by detergent and soap producers and for the production of gels, catalysts and zeolytes. CBE has also identified at least five additional locations in the U.S. for possible future projects employing its technology. DuPont and Co./POET, Wilmington, Delaware/Sioux Falls, South Dakota Organizational Background–DuPont and POET (formerly Broin Companies) formed a partnership in 2006 to combine forces in developing and commercializing technology for the production of ethanol from cellulosic biomass feedstocks, primarily corn stover. DuPont, formed in 1802, is a large producer of chemicals and other products, with operations in over 70 countries. Broin/POET, which began by building a small-scale ethanol plant on the family’s Minnesota farm in 1983, has since designed and constructed ethanol plants in five states, approaching a total of more than 30 plants. Since 2003, DuPont has been conducting a U.S. DOE-sponsored research program to develop technology to produce ethanol from corn stover. In February 2007, Broin/POET was awarded a U.S. DOE grant of up to $80 million to integrate cellulosic ethanol production into an existing corn-to-ethanol facility at Emmetsburg, Iowa. (Note: Separately, DuPont, in collaboration with BP, is pursuing development in the UK of a process for producing butanol using sugar beets as feedstock. This process development is not a subject of this study, since it does not thus far involve cellulosic biomass feedstocks.) Technology Characteristics–DuPont’s biomass-to-ethanol technology, shown in Figure A19, is a mild alkaline enzymatic hydrolysis process developed in partnership 105
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Northern California Rice field Asse
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APPENDIX 1. TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER PR
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1-Categories o
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INTRODUCTION The State of Californi
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report provi
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distributed production of bioalcoho
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from corn, sugarcane and other suga
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Table 1-Categories of Biomass Conve
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SECTION 2 - PAST CALIFORNIA BIOMASS
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the technological approach was too
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conversion technology at NREL, prep
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will use matching funds from the U.
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Report: Feasibility Study for Rice
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Environmental issues Market issues
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Presentation: Collins Pine Cogenera
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Syngas Production The thermochemica
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Alcohol Synthesis The direct synthe
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SECTION 4 - BIOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIE
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Feedstock Pretreatment There are a
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Achieving such cost reductions woul
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Another novel approach to bioalcoho
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have been run for a sufficient time
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concerns. This evaluation determine
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The data in Table 5 are based upon
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Thermochemical System (Electricity)
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SECTION 8 - OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALL
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For all of the biomass resource cat
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The above CEC and CBC inventories o
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Economic and Institutional Challeng
Page 59 and 60: SECTION 9 - GOVERNMENT ROLES AND IN
Page 61 and 62: SECTION 10 - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMM
Page 63 and 64: initial attractive application may
Page 65 and 66: SECTION 11 - REFERENCES Barrett, J.
Page 67 and 68: Collaborative, California Energy Co
Page 69 and 70: CATEGORY 1-THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 71 and 72: and CO at the compression stage. Th
Page 73 and 74: Range Fuels, Inc., Denver, Colorado
Page 75 and 76: CATEGORY II-THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSE
Page 77 and 78: Figure A4. Enerkem Process Diagram
Page 79 and 80: The slag leaves the gasifier and is
Page 81 and 82: Figure A6. Thermogenics, Inc., Tech
Page 83 and 84: CATEGORY VIII-BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 85 and 86: Figure A8. BlueFire Arkenol Technol
Page 87 and 88: Figure A9. BEI Process Celunol Corp
Page 89 and 90: support systems and using the conve
Page 91 and 92: several years ago, HFTA has been wi
Page 93 and 94: Figure A11. Losonoco Wood-to-Ethano
Page 95 and 96: OxyNol process. TVA is decommission
Page 97 and 98: Technology Characteristics-The biom
Page 99 and 100: Figure A14. PEC Biomass-to-Ethanol
Page 101 and 102: CATEGORY IX - BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 103 and 104: Richland Washington, with U.S. DOE
Page 105 and 106: construction of which could begin i
Page 107 and 108: Figure A16. Iogen Biomass-to-Ethano
Page 109: commercialize a biomass-to-ethanol
Page 113 and 114: Figure A19. DuPont Process BioGasol
Page 115 and 116: Technology Characteristics-The Swan
Page 117 and 118: CATEGORY X-OTHER BIOLOGICAL PROCESS
Page 119 and 120: CATEGORY XI-INTEGRATED BIOREFINERY
Page 121 and 122: CATEGORY XII-FERMENTATION OF SYNGAS
Page 123 and 124: APPENDIX 2. CALIFORNIA ETHANOL PROD
Page 125: Proposed Advanced Technology (Cellu
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