Assessment of Conversion Technologies for Bioalcohol Fuel ...

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cooled then quenched and scrubbed. A portion of the syngas is burned in the pulsed heaters to supply the necessary heat, making the steam reformer energy selfsufficient. The remaining syngas is available for conversion to liquid fuels via catalytic transformation. Development Status–TRI has demonstrated their gasification technology at the commercial scale in the pulp and paper industry, producing syngas from spent liquors common to this industry. The resulting syngas is used in these applications to produce electricity and/or process heat. Applications of the process to produce alcohol fuels using various agricultural and forestry-based feedstocks are being pursued. TRI has an operating test facility in Baltimore capable of processing 30 pounds per hour of solid biomass feedstock. Future Plans–TRI and its partners are reportedly pursuing development of projects in several different countries involving applications of its technology for production of fuels, including bioalcohols. Figure A7. TRI PulseEnhanced Technology ThermoChem Recovery Intl., all rights reserved 76
CATEGORY VIII–BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES INCORPORATING ACID HYDROLYSIS/FERMENTATION Blue Fire Ethanol, Inc., Irvine, California Organizational Background–Originally formed in 1992 as Arkenol, Inc., BlueFire Ethanol is the operating company established to deploy the patented Arkenol Technology for producing ethanol from biomass. The original parent company, ARK Energy (since acquired by Tenneco, Inc.), developed electric power cogeneration projects. In 1994, Arkenol, in partnership with Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD), was granted certification by the CEC for the Sacramento Ethanol and Power Cogeneration Project (SEPCO), a joint-venture intended to produce ethanol and electricity from rice straw and other agricultural wastes. However, the Arkenol/SMUD partnership dissolved and the project was not constructed. Technology Characteristics–The Arkenol Technology, illustrated in Figure A8, is a concentrated acid hydrolysis process, incorporating various technological improvements to traditional hydrolysis, along with modern control methods, and newer materials of construction. One particular innovation is use of commercially available ion exchange resins to separate the sugars produced in the process from the acid solution, which is then re-concentrated and recycled. Lignin is also separated from the hydolyzate for use as a boiler fuel. In a full commercial application, the process would involve a sequence of the following six steps for producing ethanol from cellulosic biomass feedstocks: 1. Feedstock preparation 2. De-crystallization/hydrolysis reaction vessel 3. Solids/liquid filtration 4. Separation of the acid and sugars 5. Fermentation of the sugars 6. Product purification The technology is said to be extremely versatile, both in its ability to utilize a wide variety of feedstocks and in the end-products that it can produce. All of the feedstock used in the process is intended to be converted to saleable products, including: ethanol, lignin, gypsum, and animal yeast. In the presence of a viable market, carbon dioxide may also be captured and sold as a byproduct of the process. Development Status–BlueFire’s technology has undergone twelve years of progressive development involving several stages of pilot plant operations. The first of these was conducted at the company’s own research facility in Orange, California, where a 1 ton-per-day batch facility was employed for testing from 1994 to 1999. 77
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Northern California Rice field Asse
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APPENDIX 1. TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER PR
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1-Categories o
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INTRODUCTION The State of Californi
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report provi
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distributed production of bioalcoho
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from corn, sugarcane and other suga
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Table 1-Categories of Biomass Conve
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SECTION 2 - PAST CALIFORNIA BIOMASS
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the technological approach was too
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conversion technology at NREL, prep
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will use matching funds from the U.
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Report: Feasibility Study for Rice
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Environmental issues Market issues
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Presentation: Collins Pine Cogenera
Page 31 and 32: Syngas Production The thermochemica
Page 33 and 34: Alcohol Synthesis The direct synthe
Page 35 and 36: SECTION 4 - BIOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIE
Page 37 and 38: Feedstock Pretreatment There are a
Page 39 and 40: Achieving such cost reductions woul
Page 41 and 42: Another novel approach to bioalcoho
Page 43 and 44: have been run for a sufficient time
Page 45 and 46: concerns. This evaluation determine
Page 47 and 48: The data in Table 5 are based upon
Page 49 and 50: Thermochemical System (Electricity)
Page 51 and 52: SECTION 8 - OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALL
Page 53 and 54: For all of the biomass resource cat
Page 55 and 56: The above CEC and CBC inventories o
Page 57 and 58: Economic and Institutional Challeng
Page 59 and 60: SECTION 9 - GOVERNMENT ROLES AND IN
Page 61 and 62: SECTION 10 - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMM
Page 63 and 64: initial attractive application may
Page 65 and 66: SECTION 11 - REFERENCES Barrett, J.
Page 67 and 68: Collaborative, California Energy Co
Page 69 and 70: CATEGORY 1-THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 71 and 72: and CO at the compression stage. Th
Page 73 and 74: Range Fuels, Inc., Denver, Colorado
Page 75 and 76: CATEGORY II-THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSE
Page 77 and 78: Figure A4. Enerkem Process Diagram
Page 79 and 80: The slag leaves the gasifier and is
Page 81: Figure A6. Thermogenics, Inc., Tech
Page 85 and 86: Figure A8. BlueFire Arkenol Technol
Page 87 and 88: Figure A9. BEI Process Celunol Corp
Page 89 and 90: support systems and using the conve
Page 91 and 92: several years ago, HFTA has been wi
Page 93 and 94: Figure A11. Losonoco Wood-to-Ethano
Page 95 and 96: OxyNol process. TVA is decommission
Page 97 and 98: Technology Characteristics-The biom
Page 99 and 100: Figure A14. PEC Biomass-to-Ethanol
Page 101 and 102: CATEGORY IX - BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 103 and 104: Richland Washington, with U.S. DOE
Page 105 and 106: construction of which could begin i
Page 107 and 108: Figure A16. Iogen Biomass-to-Ethano
Page 109 and 110: commercialize a biomass-to-ethanol
Page 111 and 112: developed by CBE, is used to separa
Page 113 and 114: Figure A19. DuPont Process BioGasol
Page 115 and 116: Technology Characteristics-The Swan
Page 117 and 118: CATEGORY X-OTHER BIOLOGICAL PROCESS
Page 119 and 120: CATEGORY XI-INTEGRATED BIOREFINERY
Page 121 and 122: CATEGORY XII-FERMENTATION OF SYNGAS
Page 123 and 124: APPENDIX 2. CALIFORNIA ETHANOL PROD
Page 125: Proposed Advanced Technology (Cellu
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