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Development Status–Mascoma reports that the company’s technology is ready for demonstration and commercial projects. Mascoma is partnering with Genencor to build and operate a cellulosic biomass-to-ethanol plant in Rochester, New York, pending local permit approvals and definitive agreements among the relevant parties. The State of New York has provided a grant of $14.8 million for this $20 million project. The plant is expected to operate using paper sludge, wood chips, switch grass and corn stover. Future Plans–Mascoma estimates that construction and start-up of the Rochester, NY facility will take 10 to 12 months. Mascoma has also signed a license and joint development agreement with Royal Nedalco, a European ethanol technology leader and producer. The objective of this technology partnership is to license Nedalco’s yeast-based technology for use in Mascoma’s recently announced demonstration plant and for use in future Mascoma commercial plants, and to explore collaborative research efforts to accelerate production of bioethanol. The companies expect to exchange related know how and to engage in specific joint research programs to develop lignocellulosic ethanol from agricultural side streams, such as straw and wood waste. 110
CATEGORY X–OTHER BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES Genotypes, Inc., Pacifica, California Organizational Background–Genotypes, Inc. is a small California firm founded in 1992 as a contract research company to assist biotech/pharmaceutical companies with yeast strain improvement. Its principals are experienced biochemists with extensive backgrounds in the biotechnology industry. Since 1996, Genotypes has been pursuing development of a novel technology approach to producing ethanol from solar energy in shallow ponds employing specialty cultured organisms. The company has filed several patents on its technology, beginning in 1998, involving bioengineering the desired organism to photosynthetically produce ethanol in ponds. Technology Characteristics–The Genotypes technology, shown in Figure A21, involves use of a bioengineered photosynthetic (nitrogen-fixing) organism– cyanobacteria stabilized as organelles in yeast–to produce ethanol in one meterdeep ponds using only solar energy, water, atmospheric carbon dioxide and trace minerals. Biomass would be produced during the growth of the organism up to an appropriate density, then the biomass production would be essentially turned off and replaced by direct conversion of photosynthetically produced sugars to ethanol. Thus the organism would produce its own biomass feedstock, resulting in no net carbon emissions since carbon dioxide taken up to produce sugars, which are directly converted to ethanol in the organism, would be released by burning the alcohol but then reabsorbed upon making more ethanol in the same organism. Genotypes estimates the potential ethanol yields from this process to be in the range of 37,000 gallons per acre per year. This would translate, for example, into a land area requirement of about 670 square miles to produce the ethanol equivalent of California’s curent gasoline supply. Genotypes also estimates a potential ethanol production cost from its pond technology could eventually be as low as $0.33 per gallon. The advantages claimed for this unique technological approach are: 1) Scaleable– would use less than 1% of land that corn ethanol uses - could eventually be scaled to completely replace gasoline. 2) Cost effective: scaled-up projections of less than $1.00/gallon. 3) Carbon Neutral (no net carbon dioxide put in the air)– environmentally friendly. 4) Sustainable–will not run out of feedstocks: sunshine, carbon dioxide, and trace minerals. Also, the pond system is considered highly adaptable to desert-type climates and areas not well-suited for conventional agriculture or bioenergy crops. Development Status–Genotypes has conducted laboratory research aimed at developing the best photosynthetic organism for ethanol production at its former laboratory in South San Francisco. The laboratory was sold in 2000, and Genotypes continues to see partnerships with other developmental organizations and/or funding to carry on this development work. The company has delivered a number of 111
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Northern California Rice field Asse
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APPENDIX 1. TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER PR
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1-Categories o
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INTRODUCTION The State of Californi
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report provi
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distributed production of bioalcoho
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from corn, sugarcane and other suga
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Table 1-Categories of Biomass Conve
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SECTION 2 - PAST CALIFORNIA BIOMASS
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the technological approach was too
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conversion technology at NREL, prep
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will use matching funds from the U.
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Report: Feasibility Study for Rice
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Environmental issues Market issues
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Presentation: Collins Pine Cogenera
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Syngas Production The thermochemica
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Alcohol Synthesis The direct synthe
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SECTION 4 - BIOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIE
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Feedstock Pretreatment There are a
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Achieving such cost reductions woul
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Another novel approach to bioalcoho
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have been run for a sufficient time
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concerns. This evaluation determine
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The data in Table 5 are based upon
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Thermochemical System (Electricity)
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SECTION 8 - OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALL
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For all of the biomass resource cat
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The above CEC and CBC inventories o
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Economic and Institutional Challeng
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SECTION 9 - GOVERNMENT ROLES AND IN
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SECTION 10 - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMM
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initial attractive application may
Page 65 and 66: SECTION 11 - REFERENCES Barrett, J.
Page 67 and 68: Collaborative, California Energy Co
Page 69 and 70: CATEGORY 1-THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 71 and 72: and CO at the compression stage. Th
Page 73 and 74: Range Fuels, Inc., Denver, Colorado
Page 75 and 76: CATEGORY II-THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSE
Page 77 and 78: Figure A4. Enerkem Process Diagram
Page 79 and 80: The slag leaves the gasifier and is
Page 81 and 82: Figure A6. Thermogenics, Inc., Tech
Page 83 and 84: CATEGORY VIII-BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 85 and 86: Figure A8. BlueFire Arkenol Technol
Page 87 and 88: Figure A9. BEI Process Celunol Corp
Page 89 and 90: support systems and using the conve
Page 91 and 92: several years ago, HFTA has been wi
Page 93 and 94: Figure A11. Losonoco Wood-to-Ethano
Page 95 and 96: OxyNol process. TVA is decommission
Page 97 and 98: Technology Characteristics-The biom
Page 99 and 100: Figure A14. PEC Biomass-to-Ethanol
Page 101 and 102: CATEGORY IX - BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 103 and 104: Richland Washington, with U.S. DOE
Page 105 and 106: construction of which could begin i
Page 107 and 108: Figure A16. Iogen Biomass-to-Ethano
Page 109 and 110: commercialize a biomass-to-ethanol
Page 111 and 112: developed by CBE, is used to separa
Page 113 and 114: Figure A19. DuPont Process BioGasol
Page 115: Technology Characteristics-The Swan
Page 119 and 120: CATEGORY XI-INTEGRATED BIOREFINERY
Page 121 and 122: CATEGORY XII-FERMENTATION OF SYNGAS
Page 123 and 124: APPENDIX 2. CALIFORNIA ETHANOL PROD
Page 125: Proposed Advanced Technology (Cellu
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