Assessment of Conversion Technologies for Bioalcohol Fuel ...

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SECTION 3 - THERMOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR ALCOHOL FUEL PRODUCTION Figure 2 illustrates the major system components used for the thermochemical production of fuels, electricity and heat from biomass. Conventional combustion (oxidation) processes for the production of electricity from biomass are also illustrated for comparative purposes. The processes of syngas production, syngas cleanup and conditioning, alcohol purification and heat and power production are described in the following sections. Figure 2–Thermochemical Conversion Processes Compared to Conventional Combustion Processes Biomass Processing Grinding Mixing Screening Syngas Biomass Conversion Combustion Thermo- Chemical Bioalcohols Fuel Production Transport Steam Syngas Energy Conversion Steam Turbine Engine/ Generator Fuel Use Refining, Blending & Distribution 5E Assessment Energy Production Heating, Cooling Electricity Heating, Cooling Electricity Energy Use Buildings, Processes To Grid Buildings, Processes To Grid 1. Evaluation (Technical) 2. Energy 3. Environment 4. Economics 5. Socio-Political Effectiveness 24
Syngas Production The thermochemical conversion of biomass to synthesis gas (syngas) encompasses processes that are carried out in closed systems under reducing (oxygen depleted) or oxidizing (partial oxygen) conditions at high temperatures (typically 1500-2000 o F). The primary chemical processes that occur include pyrolysis, oxidation, steam reforming and gasification. Carbon-containing compounds in the biomass feedstock are converted to synthesis gas (syngas), which is composed primarily of hydrogen (H 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH 4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). Syngas may be utilized as a substitute for natural gas in cogeneration engines, gas turbines or boilers to produce power and/or heat. In addition, syngas can be an excellent feedstock for fuel production via catalytic synthesis. In air-blown systems, significant amounts of nitrogen (N 2 ) will also be present due to the air supplied for partial oxidation. Syngas can also contain minor constituents including higher hydrocarbons and tar compounds, and other trace constituents. As discussed in the following section, syngas cleanup and conditioning is important for making a useful fuel product. The types of syngas production systems include air-blown gasification, oxygen gasification, thermal pyrolysis (no oxygen) and steam reforming. Systems that are supplied with air or oxygen are autothermal with heat from the partial oxidation of the biomass. Thermal pyrolysis and steam reforming of biomass are endothermic and typically require a secondary fuel to supply heat to the reaction chamber. This is often supplied with clean syngas recycled back to externally heat the reactor. When syngas production takes place in a carefully controlled, closed system, there should be no direct emissions of criteria and toxic air pollutants. Externally heated systems may have some emissions from the secondary burners, but these can be minimized with low-emission nozzles and controls typical for boiler systems. In addition, oxygen gasification systems typically require an oxygen generation plant that consumes energy, with associated emissions. These systems produce a raw syngas that may require cleanup and conditioning to insure the proper function of downstream processing of the syngas. Chevron Texaco, Conoco Phillips (Global Energy) and Shell (Lurgi) have developed economically viable biomass-to-syngas production systems for the production of electricity in the 100-1,000 MW output range (NREL, 2002). However, these technologies have not proven to be economical for small scale power generation applications (1-25 MW). During the past several years approximately 110 organizations have focused their efforts on the development of small (1-25 MW), economical systems for generation of electricity from waste materials. However, very few of these companies have 25
Page 1 and 2: Northern California Rice field Asse
Page 3 and 4: APPENDIX 1. TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER PR
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF TABLES Table 1-Categories o
Page 7 and 8: INTRODUCTION The State of Californi
Page 9 and 10: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report provi
Page 11 and 12: distributed production of bioalcoho
Page 13 and 14: from corn, sugarcane and other suga
Page 15 and 16: Table 1-Categories of Biomass Conve
Page 17 and 18: SECTION 2 - PAST CALIFORNIA BIOMASS
Page 19 and 20: the technological approach was too
Page 21 and 22: conversion technology at NREL, prep
Page 23 and 24: will use matching funds from the U.
Page 25 and 26: Report: Feasibility Study for Rice
Page 27 and 28: Environmental issues Market issues
Page 29: Presentation: Collins Pine Cogenera
Page 33 and 34: Alcohol Synthesis The direct synthe
Page 35 and 36: SECTION 4 - BIOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIE
Page 37 and 38: Feedstock Pretreatment There are a
Page 39 and 40: Achieving such cost reductions woul
Page 41 and 42: Another novel approach to bioalcoho
Page 43 and 44: have been run for a sufficient time
Page 45 and 46: concerns. This evaluation determine
Page 47 and 48: The data in Table 5 are based upon
Page 49 and 50: Thermochemical System (Electricity)
Page 51 and 52: SECTION 8 - OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALL
Page 53 and 54: For all of the biomass resource cat
Page 55 and 56: The above CEC and CBC inventories o
Page 57 and 58: Economic and Institutional Challeng
Page 59 and 60: SECTION 9 - GOVERNMENT ROLES AND IN
Page 61 and 62: SECTION 10 - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMM
Page 63 and 64: initial attractive application may
Page 65 and 66: SECTION 11 - REFERENCES Barrett, J.
Page 67 and 68: Collaborative, California Energy Co
Page 69 and 70: CATEGORY 1-THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 71 and 72: and CO at the compression stage. Th
Page 73 and 74: Range Fuels, Inc., Denver, Colorado
Page 75 and 76: CATEGORY II-THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSE
Page 77 and 78: Figure A4. Enerkem Process Diagram
Page 79 and 80: The slag leaves the gasifier and is
Page 81 and 82:
Figure A6. Thermogenics, Inc., Tech
Page 83 and 84:
CATEGORY VIII-BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 85 and 86:
Figure A8. BlueFire Arkenol Technol
Page 87 and 88:
Figure A9. BEI Process Celunol Corp
Page 89 and 90:
support systems and using the conve
Page 91 and 92:
several years ago, HFTA has been wi
Page 93 and 94:
Figure A11. Losonoco Wood-to-Ethano
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OxyNol process. TVA is decommission
Page 97 and 98:
Technology Characteristics-The biom
Page 99 and 100:
Figure A14. PEC Biomass-to-Ethanol
Page 101 and 102:
CATEGORY IX - BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
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Richland Washington, with U.S. DOE
Page 105 and 106:
construction of which could begin i
Page 107 and 108:
Figure A16. Iogen Biomass-to-Ethano
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commercialize a biomass-to-ethanol
Page 111 and 112:
developed by CBE, is used to separa
Page 113 and 114:
Figure A19. DuPont Process BioGasol
Page 115 and 116:
Technology Characteristics-The Swan
Page 117 and 118:
CATEGORY X-OTHER BIOLOGICAL PROCESS
Page 119 and 120:
CATEGORY XI-INTEGRATED BIOREFINERY
Page 121 and 122:
CATEGORY XII-FERMENTATION OF SYNGAS
Page 123 and 124:
APPENDIX 2. CALIFORNIA ETHANOL PROD
Page 125:
Proposed Advanced Technology (Cellu
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