Assessment of Conversion Technologies for Bioalcohol Fuel ...

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materials (such as urban green waste), construction/demolition wood wastes, and agricultural prunings. In the planned demonstration projects, between 15 and 25 tons per day of these types of material are intended to be processed. Preliminary air polutant emission analysis has been done for WTE’s thermochemical process, with further emission source-testing plans being pursued with the Santa Barbara County Air Pollution Control District. Future Development Plans–WTE’s project plans involve proposed MSW-to-ethanol conversion operations to be collocated with existing municipal waste processing facilities in Santa Maria (Santa Barbara County), Riverside and Los Angeles County. These projects would use between 250 and 1,500 tons per day of municipal waste materials as feedstocks. The timetables for these projects, with the Santa Maria project intended to be first, have been stalled pending anticipated adoption of proposed revisions to California’s waste management regulations that afect the permitting and operating requirements for such projects. Pending resolution of the regulatory issues affecting these MSW-to-ethanol projects, WTE has chosen to first pursue a project using agricultural residues at a site in the Central Valley. This project, currently in permitting stages, would use 900 tons per day of agricultural waste feedstocks. Meanwhile, the demonstration project results are intended to provide further process validation applicable to al of WTE’s future projects. Figure A22 Waste-To-Energy Technology Diagram Waste-To-Energy, all rights reserved 114
CATEGORY XII–FERMENTATION OF SYNGAS FROM THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES Bioengineering Resources, Inc., Fayetteville, Arkansas Organizational Background–Bioengineering Resources, Inc. (BRI) was formed to commercialize a unique patented process that employs a bacterial culture to convert synthesis gas into ethanol. Development of this process by University of Arkansas researchers began some 18 years ago. Technology Characteristics–The BRI technology, illustrated in Figure A23, uses an enclosed two-stage gasification process to thermally decompose the carbon molecules in organic feedstocks. A patented microorganism then reconstructs CO, CO2 and H2 into ethanol and water. Finally, anhydrous ethanol is produced by conventional distillation followed by a molecular sieve. The microbiological conversion of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide to ethanol uses a strain of bacterium in the clostridium family. BRI carried out pilot studies using a 2-foot reaction chamber in which an aqueous solution of nutrients are added. Hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are added from gas cylinders. The bacteria convert these gases to about 2-3% ethanol. Higher ethanol concentrations inhibit bacteria metabolism. Products are continuously removed from the reactor and ethanol is recovered by distillation. The synthesis gas exits the gasifier at temperatures of up to 2,350°F, and must be cooled to about 98°F before being fed to the microorganisms. This cooling process generates waste heat that can be used to create high temperature steam to drive electric turbines. Development Status–BRI reports that six years of testing at the company’s laboratory and 1.5 ton-per-day pilot plant, both located in Fayetteville, Arkansas, have successfully demonstrated that syngas with various impurities can be used. Future Plans–BRI has formed a joint venture with a Florida land management company, Alico, Inc. to apply the BRI technology in a project planned by Alico in LaBelle, FL. In February 2007, Alico was awarded a U.S. DOE grant of up to $33 million for this project. This plant is intended to produce 13.9 million gallons of ethanol a year and 6,255 kilowatts of electric power, as well as 8.8 tons of hydrogen and 50 tons of ammonia per day. For feedstock, the plant will use 770 tons per day of yard, wood, and vegetative wastes and eventually energycane. 115
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Northern California Rice field Asse
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APPENDIX 1. TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER PR
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1-Categories o
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INTRODUCTION The State of Californi
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report provi
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distributed production of bioalcoho
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from corn, sugarcane and other suga
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Table 1-Categories of Biomass Conve
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SECTION 2 - PAST CALIFORNIA BIOMASS
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the technological approach was too
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conversion technology at NREL, prep
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will use matching funds from the U.
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Report: Feasibility Study for Rice
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Environmental issues Market issues
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Presentation: Collins Pine Cogenera
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Syngas Production The thermochemica
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Alcohol Synthesis The direct synthe
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SECTION 4 - BIOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIE
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Feedstock Pretreatment There are a
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Achieving such cost reductions woul
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Another novel approach to bioalcoho
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have been run for a sufficient time
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concerns. This evaluation determine
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The data in Table 5 are based upon
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Thermochemical System (Electricity)
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SECTION 8 - OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALL
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For all of the biomass resource cat
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The above CEC and CBC inventories o
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Economic and Institutional Challeng
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SECTION 9 - GOVERNMENT ROLES AND IN
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SECTION 10 - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMM
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initial attractive application may
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SECTION 11 - REFERENCES Barrett, J.
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Collaborative, California Energy Co
Page 69 and 70: CATEGORY 1-THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 71 and 72: and CO at the compression stage. Th
Page 73 and 74: Range Fuels, Inc., Denver, Colorado
Page 75 and 76: CATEGORY II-THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSE
Page 77 and 78: Figure A4. Enerkem Process Diagram
Page 79 and 80: The slag leaves the gasifier and is
Page 81 and 82: Figure A6. Thermogenics, Inc., Tech
Page 83 and 84: CATEGORY VIII-BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 85 and 86: Figure A8. BlueFire Arkenol Technol
Page 87 and 88: Figure A9. BEI Process Celunol Corp
Page 89 and 90: support systems and using the conve
Page 91 and 92: several years ago, HFTA has been wi
Page 93 and 94: Figure A11. Losonoco Wood-to-Ethano
Page 95 and 96: OxyNol process. TVA is decommission
Page 97 and 98: Technology Characteristics-The biom
Page 99 and 100: Figure A14. PEC Biomass-to-Ethanol
Page 101 and 102: CATEGORY IX - BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 103 and 104: Richland Washington, with U.S. DOE
Page 105 and 106: construction of which could begin i
Page 107 and 108: Figure A16. Iogen Biomass-to-Ethano
Page 109 and 110: commercialize a biomass-to-ethanol
Page 111 and 112: developed by CBE, is used to separa
Page 113 and 114: Figure A19. DuPont Process BioGasol
Page 115 and 116: Technology Characteristics-The Swan
Page 117 and 118: CATEGORY X-OTHER BIOLOGICAL PROCESS
Page 119: CATEGORY XI-INTEGRATED BIOREFINERY
Page 123 and 124: APPENDIX 2. CALIFORNIA ETHANOL PROD
Page 125: Proposed Advanced Technology (Cellu
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