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Thermochemical processes also require further catalyst development, including the following recommended efforts. Develop catalysts for the conversion of syngas to bioalcohols that have the following capabilities: A one-pass catalyst conversion efficiency of greater than 30% (the current average conversion efficiency is ~18%) An ethanol/methanol catalyst selectivity of greater than 5/1 A conversion efficiency for >2,000 hrs while maintaining greater than 80% of the initial catalyst specifications Develop integrated systems for the co-production of bioalcohols, electricity and heat that: Reduce the number of unit processes needed to co-produce bioalcohol, electricity and heat, resulting in the reduction of capital and O&M costs Continuous syngas composition monitoring systems, integrated with real-time process control, for the optimization of bioalcohol, electricity and heat production Biochemical Processes Some R3D recommendations needed to develop efficient and low-cost methods for the production of ethanol via biochemical production technologies include: Separation of lignin and cellulose from sugars The development of lower-cost enzymes needed for the hydrolysis of cellulose Recovery and re-use of enzymes after the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose Recovery and re-use of acids after feedstock pretreatment and the acid hydrolysis of cellulose The development of fermentation organisms capable of co-fermenting C5 and C6 sugars The purification and recycling of wastewater with the objective of reaching a zero discharge system 58
SECTION 11 - REFERENCES Barrett, J., Ethanol Reaps a Backlash in Small Midwestern Towns, WSJ (Friday, March 23, 2007). Blackburn, B., T. MacDonald, M. McCormack, P. Perez, M. Scharff and S. Unnasch, Evaluation of Biomass-to-Ethanol Fuel Potential in California, CEC 500-99-022, California Energy Commission (December 1999) California Energy Commission, Report # CEC-600-2006-010 (2006A) California Energy Commission, 2006 Integrated Energy Policy Report Update, CEC- 100-2006-001-CTF (2006B ) California Energy Commission, http://www.energy.ca.gov/pier/renewable/biomass/ethanol/projects.html, http://www.energy.ca.gov/pier/renewable/projects/fact_sheets/COLLINS1.pdf Fieser, L. F., and Fieser, M, Organic chemistry, 2 nd Edition, Heath and Company, Boston, Chapter 18, p. 483 (1950). Gildart, M., Jenkins, B.M., Williams, R. B., Yan, L., Aldas, R.E. and Matteson, C., An Assessment of Biomass Resources in California, CEC PIER Contract 500-01- 016 Report (2005). Hasler, P., and Nussbaumer, T., Gas Cleaning for IC Engine Applications from Fixed Bed Biomass Gasification, Biomass and Bio-energy, 16(6), 385-395 (1999). Jenkins, BM, Biomass in California: Challenges, Opportunities and Potentials for Sustainable Management and Development, California Biomass Collaborative, California Energy Commission report, CEC-500-01-016 (2005) Jenkins, BM, A Preliminary Roadmap for the Development of Biomass in California, California Energy Commission report, CEC-500-2006-095-D (2006) Klass, D. L., Biomass for Renewable Energy, Fuels and Chemicals, Academic Press (1998). Minteer, S., Alcoholic Fuels, CRC Press (2006). Nechodom, M., Schuetzle, D., Ganz, D., Cooper, J., Sustainable Forests and the Environment, Environmental Science and Technology Journal, In Press (2007) Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry –The Technical Feasibility of a Billion-Ton Annual Supply, DOE (April 2005). 59
Page 1 and 2:
Northern California Rice field Asse
Page 3 and 4:
APPENDIX 1. TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER PR
Page 5 and 6:
LIST OF TABLES Table 1-Categories o
Page 7 and 8:
INTRODUCTION The State of Californi
Page 9 and 10:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report provi
Page 11 and 12:
distributed production of bioalcoho
Page 13 and 14: from corn, sugarcane and other suga
Page 15 and 16: Table 1-Categories of Biomass Conve
Page 17 and 18: SECTION 2 - PAST CALIFORNIA BIOMASS
Page 19 and 20: the technological approach was too
Page 21 and 22: conversion technology at NREL, prep
Page 23 and 24: will use matching funds from the U.
Page 25 and 26: Report: Feasibility Study for Rice
Page 27 and 28: Environmental issues Market issues
Page 29 and 30: Presentation: Collins Pine Cogenera
Page 31 and 32: Syngas Production The thermochemica
Page 33 and 34: Alcohol Synthesis The direct synthe
Page 35 and 36: SECTION 4 - BIOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIE
Page 37 and 38: Feedstock Pretreatment There are a
Page 39 and 40: Achieving such cost reductions woul
Page 41 and 42: Another novel approach to bioalcoho
Page 43 and 44: have been run for a sufficient time
Page 45 and 46: concerns. This evaluation determine
Page 47 and 48: The data in Table 5 are based upon
Page 49 and 50: Thermochemical System (Electricity)
Page 51 and 52: SECTION 8 - OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALL
Page 53 and 54: For all of the biomass resource cat
Page 55 and 56: The above CEC and CBC inventories o
Page 57 and 58: Economic and Institutional Challeng
Page 59 and 60: SECTION 9 - GOVERNMENT ROLES AND IN
Page 61 and 62: SECTION 10 - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMM
Page 63: initial attractive application may
Page 67 and 68: Collaborative, California Energy Co
Page 69 and 70: CATEGORY 1-THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 71 and 72: and CO at the compression stage. Th
Page 73 and 74: Range Fuels, Inc., Denver, Colorado
Page 75 and 76: CATEGORY II-THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSE
Page 77 and 78: Figure A4. Enerkem Process Diagram
Page 79 and 80: The slag leaves the gasifier and is
Page 81 and 82: Figure A6. Thermogenics, Inc., Tech
Page 83 and 84: CATEGORY VIII-BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 85 and 86: Figure A8. BlueFire Arkenol Technol
Page 87 and 88: Figure A9. BEI Process Celunol Corp
Page 89 and 90: support systems and using the conve
Page 91 and 92: several years ago, HFTA has been wi
Page 93 and 94: Figure A11. Losonoco Wood-to-Ethano
Page 95 and 96: OxyNol process. TVA is decommission
Page 97 and 98: Technology Characteristics-The biom
Page 99 and 100: Figure A14. PEC Biomass-to-Ethanol
Page 101 and 102: CATEGORY IX - BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 103 and 104: Richland Washington, with U.S. DOE
Page 105 and 106: construction of which could begin i
Page 107 and 108: Figure A16. Iogen Biomass-to-Ethano
Page 109 and 110: commercialize a biomass-to-ethanol
Page 111 and 112: developed by CBE, is used to separa
Page 113 and 114: Figure A19. DuPont Process BioGasol
Page 115 and 116:
Technology Characteristics-The Swan
Page 117 and 118:
CATEGORY X-OTHER BIOLOGICAL PROCESS
Page 119 and 120:
CATEGORY XI-INTEGRATED BIOREFINERY
Page 121 and 122:
CATEGORY XII-FERMENTATION OF SYNGAS
Page 123 and 124:
APPENDIX 2. CALIFORNIA ETHANOL PROD
Page 125:
Proposed Advanced Technology (Cellu
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