Assessment of Conversion Technologies for Bioalcohol Fuel ...

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waste paper are handled on one process train and sludge on a parallel process train. The MSW is pre-sorted, including removal of recyclables, then shredded and dried prior to being subjected to the process. Wastewater biosolids or sludge is composed, on average, of eighty percent water and twenty percent solids. The sludge is treated with acid, and then mixed with the hydrolyzed cellulose. The solid fraction (lignin and biosolids) is collected, dewatered and used as a renewable solid boiler fuel. This fuel can be used internally to meet process energy requirements, or can be sold for use in solid fuel boilers. The acidic sugar stream is treated to recover and recycle the acid and concentrate the sugar stream. The resulting sugar stream is still too acidic for biological fermentation, and is buffered with an agent to bring the sugar solution to a normal pH. Buffering the sugar stream results in the precipitation of gypsum and the removal of some heavy metals associated with MSW and sludge. The sugar stream is then fermented into ethanol. During fermentation, the carbon dioxide is captured, conditioned and sold as an industrial gas. The ethanol is distilled, denatured and sold to the transportation fuels market. The process is said to result in conversion to beneficial use of over 90 percent of the waste feedstock streams. Development Status–Much of the early research and development of Masada’s process was conducted by Mississippi State University and the Tennessee Valley Authority in Muscle Shoals, Alabama. This testing involved the acid recovery portion of the technology in addition to key process system components, including the successful conversion of cellulose to sugar and fermentation into ethanol, in equipment supplied by third party vendors. Current research and development efforts are being lead by Auburn University in Auburn, Alabama. Since inception of the Middletown project, known as the Orange Recycling and Ethanol Production Facility, MRG/PMO has pursued various aspects of development of this project, including engineering and design, permitting and community public relations, financing, feedstock supply and product off-take agreements. The project is said to be fully permitted by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) and the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). As part of the permitting process, all energy and mass balances were reviewed by the NYSDEC. These reviews included water usage and wastewater discharge, and air emissions. Future Development Plans–MRG recently submitted a bid to purchase the Tennessee Valey Authority’s facility in Muscle Shoals testing facility that was used for the earlier testing of the CES OxyNol Process. This equipment consists of hydrolysis units, centrifuges, fermentation and distillation units in addition to other key system components. Masada intends to use the equipment in part or in whole at Auburn University as part of its ongoing efforts to refine, commercialize and adapt the CES 88
OxyNol process. TVA is decommissioning this equipment as part of its ongoing effort to streamline it operations and meet the goals of its mission. The Orange Recycling and Ethanol Production Facility planned for Middletown, New York is intended to be a commercial scale facility. It has a permitted capacity of 230,000 tons of MSW, 71,000 tons of off-spec waste paper, and 71,000 tons of dry biosolids per year. The facility is designed to produce about 8.5 to 9.5 million gallons of ethanol per year, along with 21,000 tons of glass, plastics and metals not normally recovered from the municipal waste stream. Additionally, 27,000 tons of carbon dioxide, 21,000 tons of gypsum, and 50,000 tons of fly ash will be produced and sold annually. Figure A12. MRG CES OxyNol Process The CES OxyNol Proces Sludge Water Inert Fines to Disposal Recycled Sulfuric IN Acid Brewers Yeast OUT City of Birmingham Garbage Waste Material Dried Cellulose Recycling Facility Cellulose to Sugar Conversion Sugar Water Fermentation and Distillation Ethanol Recyclables Air Out Steam Fly Ash Lignin Fuel Boiler/ Gasifier Gypsum Gypsum Gas Water Stillage Plant Wastewater Treatment CO 2 CO 2 © 2007 Masada OxyNol, LLC For Illustrative Purposes Only Paszner Technologies, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada Organizational Background–Paszner Technologies has pursued development of a biomass-to-alcohol (ethanol and/or butanol) technology called Acid Catalyzed Organosolv Saccharification or ACOS. The ACOS technology was originally invented in 1976 and subsequently was the subject of litigation over ownership and licensing rights, before Paszner ultimately prevailed and assumed sole ownership of the related patents. Paszner has actively sought financial support, joint-venture partners and/or licensees for application of its technology. 89
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Northern California Rice field Asse
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APPENDIX 1. TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER PR
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1-Categories o
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INTRODUCTION The State of Californi
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report provi
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distributed production of bioalcoho
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from corn, sugarcane and other suga
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Table 1-Categories of Biomass Conve
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SECTION 2 - PAST CALIFORNIA BIOMASS
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the technological approach was too
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conversion technology at NREL, prep
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will use matching funds from the U.
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Report: Feasibility Study for Rice
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Environmental issues Market issues
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Presentation: Collins Pine Cogenera
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Syngas Production The thermochemica
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Alcohol Synthesis The direct synthe
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SECTION 4 - BIOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIE
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Feedstock Pretreatment There are a
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Achieving such cost reductions woul
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Another novel approach to bioalcoho
Page 43 and 44: have been run for a sufficient time
Page 45 and 46: concerns. This evaluation determine
Page 47 and 48: The data in Table 5 are based upon
Page 49 and 50: Thermochemical System (Electricity)
Page 51 and 52: SECTION 8 - OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALL
Page 53 and 54: For all of the biomass resource cat
Page 55 and 56: The above CEC and CBC inventories o
Page 57 and 58: Economic and Institutional Challeng
Page 59 and 60: SECTION 9 - GOVERNMENT ROLES AND IN
Page 61 and 62: SECTION 10 - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMM
Page 63 and 64: initial attractive application may
Page 65 and 66: SECTION 11 - REFERENCES Barrett, J.
Page 67 and 68: Collaborative, California Energy Co
Page 69 and 70: CATEGORY 1-THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 71 and 72: and CO at the compression stage. Th
Page 73 and 74: Range Fuels, Inc., Denver, Colorado
Page 75 and 76: CATEGORY II-THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSE
Page 77 and 78: Figure A4. Enerkem Process Diagram
Page 79 and 80: The slag leaves the gasifier and is
Page 81 and 82: Figure A6. Thermogenics, Inc., Tech
Page 83 and 84: CATEGORY VIII-BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 85 and 86: Figure A8. BlueFire Arkenol Technol
Page 87 and 88: Figure A9. BEI Process Celunol Corp
Page 89 and 90: support systems and using the conve
Page 91 and 92: several years ago, HFTA has been wi
Page 93: Figure A11. Losonoco Wood-to-Ethano
Page 97 and 98: Technology Characteristics-The biom
Page 99 and 100: Figure A14. PEC Biomass-to-Ethanol
Page 101 and 102: CATEGORY IX - BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 103 and 104: Richland Washington, with U.S. DOE
Page 105 and 106: construction of which could begin i
Page 107 and 108: Figure A16. Iogen Biomass-to-Ethano
Page 109 and 110: commercialize a biomass-to-ethanol
Page 111 and 112: developed by CBE, is used to separa
Page 113 and 114: Figure A19. DuPont Process BioGasol
Page 115 and 116: Technology Characteristics-The Swan
Page 117 and 118: CATEGORY X-OTHER BIOLOGICAL PROCESS
Page 119 and 120: CATEGORY XI-INTEGRATED BIOREFINERY
Page 121 and 122: CATEGORY XII-FERMENTATION OF SYNGAS
Page 123 and 124: APPENDIX 2. CALIFORNIA ETHANOL PROD
Page 125: Proposed Advanced Technology (Cellu
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