Assessment of Conversion Technologies for Bioalcohol Fuel ...

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Technology Characteristics–The Paszner ACOS Process is a hydrolysis process described as “a unique solvent pulping variant in which the chemistry in the reactor has been modified in a manner that total (100%) dissolution of all biomass components becomes possible in a single step, achieved by the use of a benign congruent solvent system”. The proprietary solvent chemistry brings about simultaneous hydrolysis of both carbohydrates and lignin and prevents unwanted byproducts (such as furfurals). 100 percent solvent recycling is said to be achieved, with no wastewater disposal requirements. No feedstock pre-treatment is required other than chipping or hammer-milling. The process is intended to be a simple, lowcost, low-temperature, short reaction time process applicable to any lignocellulosic feedstocks, including all coniferous and deciduous tree and shrub species and their barks, agricultural crop residues and grasses, municipal cellulosic solid wastes, various manures and paper mill sludge. The process is said to be amenable to smallscale applications. Development Status–The Paszner ACOS process has been under development for 28 years, with various bench-scale and pilot-scale testing conducted. This development work has received limited funding support from Energy Mines and Resources Canada, a Canadian government agency. This testing is said to have involved some 35 lignocellulosic species of feedstocks. An engineering feasibility study was completed in 1994. The most recent physical testing phase of the process was apparently completed in 2001, and funding for further phases of development has yet to be obtained. Paszner delivered a presentation on its technology at the USDOE Ethanol Workshop held April 2003 in Sacramento. Future Development Plans–Paszner Technologies has identified and developed preliminary plans for projects applying its plans at numerous sites in Canada, the U.S., and various other countries. However, none of these projects is known to be moving forward at this time, with Paszner continuing to pursue funding for continued development of its process and to seek potential partners for its commercialization. Petrobras, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Organizational Background–Petrobras was formed in 1953 when Brazilian President Vargas signed a law establishing the monopoly of the Brazilian federal government over the activities of the oil industry in the country and authorizing the creation of Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. Petrobras as the state company to be the executor of the monopoly. Today Petrobras is the world’s14th largest oil company, and operates as a semi-public corporation, with activities in at least seven countries besides Brazil. Petrobras has been instrumental in the development of Brazil’s ethanol fuel program (Proalcool) since its inception in the 1970s. Recently, Petrobras announced that the company is developing a biomass-to-ethanol process at its corporate research and development center. 90
Technology Characteristics–The biomass-to-ethanol technology under development by Petrobras, illustrated in Figure A13, involves an acid hydrolysis process, thus far being tested on castor bean cake, a residual of a castor oil biodiesel production process (described as an “amylaceous” material). Ultimately, the intent is to apply the process to sugarcane bagasse, a lignocellulosic residual material produced in large quantities from conventional sugarcane-to-ethanol processing. Petrobras has reportedly patented this proprietary process, but has yet to release any more detailed information, beyond including mention of this development activity in several public forums, such as the Sixteenth International Symposium on Alcohol Fuels (Rio de Janeiro, November 2006). Development Status–Petrobras indicates that the company has completed successful bench-scale laboratory experiments with its biomass-to-ethanol process, as of the fourth quarter of 2006. The process is said to produce 100 liters of ethanol per ton of castor bean cake feedstock. Future Development Plans–The next stage of Petrobras’ development of its technology is a planned pilot-scale facility scheduled for start-up in the first quarter of 2008. Further plans call for a demonstration facility intended to be operational in 2010. Figure A13. Petrobras Biomass-to-Ethanol Technology Petrobras, all rights reserved 91
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Northern California Rice field Asse
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APPENDIX 1. TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER PR
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1-Categories o
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INTRODUCTION The State of Californi
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report provi
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distributed production of bioalcoho
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from corn, sugarcane and other suga
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Table 1-Categories of Biomass Conve
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SECTION 2 - PAST CALIFORNIA BIOMASS
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the technological approach was too
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conversion technology at NREL, prep
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will use matching funds from the U.
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Report: Feasibility Study for Rice
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Environmental issues Market issues
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Presentation: Collins Pine Cogenera
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Syngas Production The thermochemica
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Alcohol Synthesis The direct synthe
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SECTION 4 - BIOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIE
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Feedstock Pretreatment There are a
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Achieving such cost reductions woul
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Another novel approach to bioalcoho
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have been run for a sufficient time
Page 45 and 46: concerns. This evaluation determine
Page 47 and 48: The data in Table 5 are based upon
Page 49 and 50: Thermochemical System (Electricity)
Page 51 and 52: SECTION 8 - OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALL
Page 53 and 54: For all of the biomass resource cat
Page 55 and 56: The above CEC and CBC inventories o
Page 57 and 58: Economic and Institutional Challeng
Page 59 and 60: SECTION 9 - GOVERNMENT ROLES AND IN
Page 61 and 62: SECTION 10 - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMM
Page 63 and 64: initial attractive application may
Page 65 and 66: SECTION 11 - REFERENCES Barrett, J.
Page 67 and 68: Collaborative, California Energy Co
Page 69 and 70: CATEGORY 1-THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 71 and 72: and CO at the compression stage. Th
Page 73 and 74: Range Fuels, Inc., Denver, Colorado
Page 75 and 76: CATEGORY II-THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSE
Page 77 and 78: Figure A4. Enerkem Process Diagram
Page 79 and 80: The slag leaves the gasifier and is
Page 81 and 82: Figure A6. Thermogenics, Inc., Tech
Page 83 and 84: CATEGORY VIII-BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 85 and 86: Figure A8. BlueFire Arkenol Technol
Page 87 and 88: Figure A9. BEI Process Celunol Corp
Page 89 and 90: support systems and using the conve
Page 91 and 92: several years ago, HFTA has been wi
Page 93 and 94: Figure A11. Losonoco Wood-to-Ethano
Page 95: OxyNol process. TVA is decommission
Page 99 and 100: Figure A14. PEC Biomass-to-Ethanol
Page 101 and 102: CATEGORY IX - BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 103 and 104: Richland Washington, with U.S. DOE
Page 105 and 106: construction of which could begin i
Page 107 and 108: Figure A16. Iogen Biomass-to-Ethano
Page 109 and 110: commercialize a biomass-to-ethanol
Page 111 and 112: developed by CBE, is used to separa
Page 113 and 114: Figure A19. DuPont Process BioGasol
Page 115 and 116: Technology Characteristics-The Swan
Page 117 and 118: CATEGORY X-OTHER BIOLOGICAL PROCESS
Page 119 and 120: CATEGORY XI-INTEGRATED BIOREFINERY
Page 121 and 122: CATEGORY XII-FERMENTATION OF SYNGAS
Page 123 and 124: APPENDIX 2. CALIFORNIA ETHANOL PROD
Page 125: Proposed Advanced Technology (Cellu
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