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feedstocks. The process is said to be able to use a variety of cellulosic feedstocks, including wheat and rice straw, yard waste, commercial wood waste, agricultural residues and forestry products and residues. Lignin byproduct from the process is intended to be used as boiler fuel. The company also claims to have developed a significant improvement in the fermentation process, a specially-created organism that improves ethanol yields by 25 percent over conventional yeast fermentation. A key feature of Losonoco’s technology is said to be its precise operating conditions (temperature, pressure, acidity and residency) for each feedstock or mix of feedstocks. The process is said to be able to use a variety of cellulosic feedstocks, including wheat and rice straw, yard waste, commercial wood waste, agricultural residues and forestry products and residues. Lignin byproduct from the process is intended to be used as boiler fuel. The company also claims to have developed a significant improvement in the fermentation process, a specially-created organism that improves ethanol yields by 25 percent over conventional yeast fermentation. Development Status–Pilot-scale testing of Losonoco’s process was conducted at the test facilities formerly operated by Tennessee Valley Authority, reportedly involving some 40 different biomass feedstocks. Additional advanced pilot-scale and demonstration stages of development are said to be ongoing, leading to plans for an initial small-scale commercial facility. Emissions from the process are said to have been quantified, but are proprietary. Wastewater effluents are said to be minimal. Future Development Plans–Losonoco says it has projects under discussion or in development stages at Merseyside and Teeside in the UK, in Sicily, and in the states of Florida, Louisiana, Pennsylvania, Ohio, New York, Massachusetts, Washington and California. Permitting for one of more projects is intended to commence in 2007, with construction to begin in 2008 at the first site still to be selected. Losonoco is looking to partner in project development with forestry, pulp and paper companies and other wood waste feedstock suppliers; also in pursuing synergies between cellulosic ethanol production and conventional sugar/starch-based ethanol production, using residues such as sugarcane bagasse and corn stover as feedstocks for its process. 86
Figure A11. Losonoco Wood-to-Ethanol by Dilute Acid Hydrolysis Commercial wood Forestry waste Straw FEEDSTOCK PREPARATION Shredder Chipper Steam Explosion ACID HYDROLYSIS Stage 2 Dilute Acid Hydrolysis Stage 1 Dilute Acid Hydrolysis SUGAR SEPARATION Gypsum Lime Neutralisation C6 sugars Sugar Liquid Solid Separation C5 sugars Acid Acid recovery Process Steam Sugar Lignin + Stillage Power plant Electricity ALCHOHOL MANUFACTURE Fermentation Distillation Dehydration Fuel Ethanol CARBON DIOXIDE MANUFACTURE CO2 Capture & Purification Industrial CO2 Losonoco, all rights reserved Masada Resource Group, LLC, Birmingham, Alabama Organizational Background–Masada Resource Group (MRG) was formed in the mid-1990s by a group of experienced businesspeople to pursue waste conversion to renewable energy. MRG and its affiliate companies have developed a patented proprietary technology, known as the CES OxyNol Process, for converting municipal solid waste and municipal sewage sludge to ethanol. In 1996, MRG’s afiliate PMO entered into an agreement with the City of Middletown, New York for development of an integrated waste management facility incorporating the CES OxyNol Process to produce ethanol from the city’s municipal waste streams. After years of pursuing this project, the protracted ilness and untimely death of MRG’s founder and CEO, in 2005, interrupted project plans and necessitated corporate restructuring and new management. Under new direction, MRG/PMO is continuing development of the CES OxyNol Process, including pursuing the Middletown MSW-to-ethanol project. Technology Characteristics–The CES OxyNol Process, shown in Figure A12, is a concentrated sulfuric acid hydrolysis process. It is intended to utilize a primary waste stream: municipal solid waste (MSW); and two additional waste streams; municipal waste-water biosolids (sludge) and off-spec waste paper. The MSW and 87
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Northern California Rice field Asse
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APPENDIX 1. TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER PR
Page 5 and 6:
LIST OF TABLES Table 1-Categories o
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INTRODUCTION The State of Californi
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report provi
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distributed production of bioalcoho
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from corn, sugarcane and other suga
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Table 1-Categories of Biomass Conve
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SECTION 2 - PAST CALIFORNIA BIOMASS
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the technological approach was too
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conversion technology at NREL, prep
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will use matching funds from the U.
Page 25 and 26:
Report: Feasibility Study for Rice
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Environmental issues Market issues
Page 29 and 30:
Presentation: Collins Pine Cogenera
Page 31 and 32:
Syngas Production The thermochemica
Page 33 and 34:
Alcohol Synthesis The direct synthe
Page 35 and 36:
SECTION 4 - BIOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIE
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Feedstock Pretreatment There are a
Page 39 and 40:
Achieving such cost reductions woul
Page 41 and 42: Another novel approach to bioalcoho
Page 43 and 44: have been run for a sufficient time
Page 45 and 46: concerns. This evaluation determine
Page 47 and 48: The data in Table 5 are based upon
Page 49 and 50: Thermochemical System (Electricity)
Page 51 and 52: SECTION 8 - OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALL
Page 53 and 54: For all of the biomass resource cat
Page 55 and 56: The above CEC and CBC inventories o
Page 57 and 58: Economic and Institutional Challeng
Page 59 and 60: SECTION 9 - GOVERNMENT ROLES AND IN
Page 61 and 62: SECTION 10 - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMM
Page 63 and 64: initial attractive application may
Page 65 and 66: SECTION 11 - REFERENCES Barrett, J.
Page 67 and 68: Collaborative, California Energy Co
Page 69 and 70: CATEGORY 1-THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 71 and 72: and CO at the compression stage. Th
Page 73 and 74: Range Fuels, Inc., Denver, Colorado
Page 75 and 76: CATEGORY II-THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSE
Page 77 and 78: Figure A4. Enerkem Process Diagram
Page 79 and 80: The slag leaves the gasifier and is
Page 81 and 82: Figure A6. Thermogenics, Inc., Tech
Page 83 and 84: CATEGORY VIII-BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 85 and 86: Figure A8. BlueFire Arkenol Technol
Page 87 and 88: Figure A9. BEI Process Celunol Corp
Page 89 and 90: support systems and using the conve
Page 91: several years ago, HFTA has been wi
Page 95 and 96: OxyNol process. TVA is decommission
Page 97 and 98: Technology Characteristics-The biom
Page 99 and 100: Figure A14. PEC Biomass-to-Ethanol
Page 101 and 102: CATEGORY IX - BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 103 and 104: Richland Washington, with U.S. DOE
Page 105 and 106: construction of which could begin i
Page 107 and 108: Figure A16. Iogen Biomass-to-Ethano
Page 109 and 110: commercialize a biomass-to-ethanol
Page 111 and 112: developed by CBE, is used to separa
Page 113 and 114: Figure A19. DuPont Process BioGasol
Page 115 and 116: Technology Characteristics-The Swan
Page 117 and 118: CATEGORY X-OTHER BIOLOGICAL PROCESS
Page 119 and 120: CATEGORY XI-INTEGRATED BIOREFINERY
Page 121 and 122: CATEGORY XII-FERMENTATION OF SYNGAS
Page 123 and 124: APPENDIX 2. CALIFORNIA ETHANOL PROD
Page 125: Proposed Advanced Technology (Cellu
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