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comparative purposes, a thermochemical facility producing electricity only. The 5E factors applied in this quantitative comparison include: product yields (an E1 factor); net energy efficiency (an E2 factor); emissions of criteria pollutants and carbon dioxide (E3 factors); and capital, operating and production costs (E4 factors). Socio-political (E5) factors are less amenable to quantification and thus are not included in this table. Table 5–Comparison of Thermochemical and Biochemical Systems Plant Size DT/day Products (E1) A) Thermochemical Conversion Mixed Alcohols & Electricity B) Biochemical Conversion Ethanol & Electricity 500 2,205 C) Thermochemical Conversion Electricity Only 500 Ethanol Fuel (gallons/DT) 80 59 N/A Electricity (kWh/DT) Total Net Energy Efficiency (E2) Plant Emissions (E3) (lb/MMBTU output) 550 205 1400 50% 33% 28% NO X 8.58E-03 2.71E-01 1.80E-02 SO X 6.17E-04 5.95E-01 1.56E-03 PM 1.20E-02 7.30E-02 3.17E-02 CO 1.11E-01 2.71E-01 3.13E-01 VOC 2.96E-03 2.30E-02 7.47E-03 CO 2 303 481 694 Economics (E4) Capital Cost, $M 66 205 60 Operating Cost, $M/yr 14.9 107.0 16.4 Electricity Production Cost ($/kWh) Alcohol Production Cost ($/gallon) $0.071 N/A $0.071 $1.12 $2.24 N/A N/A: Not applicable; E1, E2 and E4 values are given with +15% uncertainty and E3 values are given with +20% uncertainty 40
The data in Table 5 are based upon thermochemical technologies that process 500 BDT/day and biochemical technologies that process 2,205 BDT/day of biomass. It would be preferable to compare similar size plants (e.g., 500 BDT/day), but sufficient data are not available at this time for biochemical conversion plants smaller than 2,205 BDT/day. The application of 5E assessment methodology to the technologies compared in Table 5 is discussed further in the following sections. Technology Evaluation (E1) Thermochemical System (Mixed Alcohols and Electricity) Several companies have developed varying approaches and improvements in feedstock introduction, pyrolysis/steam reforming processes, syngas purification and system design. The data presented for System A in Table 5 is for the thermochemical conversion of 500 BDT/day of biomass using a generic integration of the pyrolysis/steam reforming process with catalytic processes recently developed for the co-production of alcohols, electricity and heat as an example. Biochemical System (Ethanol and Electricity) The “5E” assessment was caried out for the Category IX technology (enzymatic hydrolysis/fermentation). The data presented for System B in Table 5 is for the biochemical conversion of 2,205 BDT/day of biomass using an enzymatic hydrolysis/fermentation process. The values presented are an average of data obtained from several developers of this technology (Schuetzle, 2007). Thermochemical System (Electricity) The data presented for System C in Table 5 is for the thermochemical conversion of 500 BDT/day of biomass to electricity (only) using the pyrolysis/steam reforming technology. This analysis was based upon similar data inputs and assumptions used for System A. A major requirement for the deployment of any of these advanced technologies is that they be able to produce bioalcohols and energy continuously and reliably, for example for 329 days/year, 24 hours/day. The requirement that these technologies maintain 90% up-time is directly related to the economic efficiency of the facility. These stringent operational requirements will necessitate that every component in the production plant be designed with a high level of durability, that the conversion system(s) have modular designs, and are configured for easy repair. 41
Page 1 and 2: Northern California Rice field Asse
Page 3 and 4: APPENDIX 1. TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER PR
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF TABLES Table 1-Categories o
Page 7 and 8: INTRODUCTION The State of Californi
Page 9 and 10: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report provi
Page 11 and 12: distributed production of bioalcoho
Page 13 and 14: from corn, sugarcane and other suga
Page 15 and 16: Table 1-Categories of Biomass Conve
Page 17 and 18: SECTION 2 - PAST CALIFORNIA BIOMASS
Page 19 and 20: the technological approach was too
Page 21 and 22: conversion technology at NREL, prep
Page 23 and 24: will use matching funds from the U.
Page 25 and 26: Report: Feasibility Study for Rice
Page 27 and 28: Environmental issues Market issues
Page 29 and 30: Presentation: Collins Pine Cogenera
Page 31 and 32: Syngas Production The thermochemica
Page 33 and 34: Alcohol Synthesis The direct synthe
Page 35 and 36: SECTION 4 - BIOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIE
Page 37 and 38: Feedstock Pretreatment There are a
Page 39 and 40: Achieving such cost reductions woul
Page 41 and 42: Another novel approach to bioalcoho
Page 43 and 44: have been run for a sufficient time
Page 45: concerns. This evaluation determine
Page 49 and 50: Thermochemical System (Electricity)
Page 51 and 52: SECTION 8 - OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALL
Page 53 and 54: For all of the biomass resource cat
Page 55 and 56: The above CEC and CBC inventories o
Page 57 and 58: Economic and Institutional Challeng
Page 59 and 60: SECTION 9 - GOVERNMENT ROLES AND IN
Page 61 and 62: SECTION 10 - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMM
Page 63 and 64: initial attractive application may
Page 65 and 66: SECTION 11 - REFERENCES Barrett, J.
Page 67 and 68: Collaborative, California Energy Co
Page 69 and 70: CATEGORY 1-THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 71 and 72: and CO at the compression stage. Th
Page 73 and 74: Range Fuels, Inc., Denver, Colorado
Page 75 and 76: CATEGORY II-THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSE
Page 77 and 78: Figure A4. Enerkem Process Diagram
Page 79 and 80: The slag leaves the gasifier and is
Page 81 and 82: Figure A6. Thermogenics, Inc., Tech
Page 83 and 84: CATEGORY VIII-BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 85 and 86: Figure A8. BlueFire Arkenol Technol
Page 87 and 88: Figure A9. BEI Process Celunol Corp
Page 89 and 90: support systems and using the conve
Page 91 and 92: several years ago, HFTA has been wi
Page 93 and 94: Figure A11. Losonoco Wood-to-Ethano
Page 95 and 96: OxyNol process. TVA is decommission
Page 97 and 98:
Technology Characteristics-The biom
Page 99 and 100:
Figure A14. PEC Biomass-to-Ethanol
Page 101 and 102:
CATEGORY IX - BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 103 and 104:
Richland Washington, with U.S. DOE
Page 105 and 106:
construction of which could begin i
Page 107 and 108:
Figure A16. Iogen Biomass-to-Ethano
Page 109 and 110:
commercialize a biomass-to-ethanol
Page 111 and 112:
developed by CBE, is used to separa
Page 113 and 114:
Figure A19. DuPont Process BioGasol
Page 115 and 116:
Technology Characteristics-The Swan
Page 117 and 118:
CATEGORY X-OTHER BIOLOGICAL PROCESS
Page 119 and 120:
CATEGORY XI-INTEGRATED BIOREFINERY
Page 121 and 122:
CATEGORY XII-FERMENTATION OF SYNGAS
Page 123 and 124:
APPENDIX 2. CALIFORNIA ETHANOL PROD
Page 125:
Proposed Advanced Technology (Cellu
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