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and hydrogen from biomass (Category X). Of these, the main technologies relevant for this study are acid hydrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis (Categories VIII and IX), which produce alcohols by breaking down cellulose into component sugars that are then fermented. The principal thermochemical and biochemical processes for bioalcohol production are described in more detail in Sections 3 and 4, respectively. An estimated fifty or more organizations worldwide have concentrated their efforts on the production of bioalcohols employing such processes. Information about these organizations and their technology development activities and progress, as well as the characteristics and available data on their technologies was collected as a major part of this project. This effort included a standardized survey/data request sent to all identified developers of biomass-to-alcohol production technologies. Only publicly-releasable information about individual developers and their technologies was collected, excluding any confidential or proprietary data. Responses to this direct information request were supplemented with information obtained from other public sources, including published papers, websites and media reports. The resulting information is summarized in Appendix I (Technology Developer Profiles). 8
Table 1–Categories of Biomass Conversion Technologies and Their Direct and Secondary Products Category Conversion Technologies THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES Primary Products Secondary Products (Energy) Secondary Products (Fuels) I II Pyrolysis/Steam Reforming (no oxygen or air) Gasification (with oxygen or air) III High Temperature (>3500 o F) Gasification (with oxygen or air) IV V VI Thermal Pyrolysis (no oxygen or air) Thermal Oxidation (combustion at/or near stochiometry) Integrated Thermochemical Conversion/Oxidation BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES Biosyngas Biosyngas Biosyngas Electricity & Heat Electricity & Heat Electricity & Heat Unrefined None Biofuels Heat Electricity None Heat Electricity None Bioethanol, Mixed Bioalcohols, Biodiesel (See Table 2) Bioethanol, Mixed Bioalcohols, Biodiesel (See Table 2) Bioethanol, Mixed Bioalcohols, Biodiesel (See Table 2) Refined Biodiesel VII Anaerobic Digestion Biomethane None Bioethanol, Mixed Bioalcohols, Biodiesel (See Table 2) VIII Biochemical (acid hydrolysis/ Sugars None Bioethanol fermentation) IX Biochemical (enzyme hydrolysis/ fermentation) Sugars None Bioethanol X Other Biological Processes Biomethane, Biohydrogen, Bioalcohols INTEGRATED PROCESSES None None XI XII Integrated Bio-Refinery (VII-X) with generation of electricity and heat from waste materials Fermentation of Syngas from Thermochemical Processes Bioalcohols Electricity and Heat Bioethanol Bioethanol None None 9
Page 1 and 2: Northern California Rice field Asse
Page 3 and 4: APPENDIX 1. TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER PR
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF TABLES Table 1-Categories o
Page 7 and 8: INTRODUCTION The State of Californi
Page 9 and 10: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report provi
Page 11 and 12: distributed production of bioalcoho
Page 13: from corn, sugarcane and other suga
Page 17 and 18: SECTION 2 - PAST CALIFORNIA BIOMASS
Page 19 and 20: the technological approach was too
Page 21 and 22: conversion technology at NREL, prep
Page 23 and 24: will use matching funds from the U.
Page 25 and 26: Report: Feasibility Study for Rice
Page 27 and 28: Environmental issues Market issues
Page 29 and 30: Presentation: Collins Pine Cogenera
Page 31 and 32: Syngas Production The thermochemica
Page 33 and 34: Alcohol Synthesis The direct synthe
Page 35 and 36: SECTION 4 - BIOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIE
Page 37 and 38: Feedstock Pretreatment There are a
Page 39 and 40: Achieving such cost reductions woul
Page 41 and 42: Another novel approach to bioalcoho
Page 43 and 44: have been run for a sufficient time
Page 45 and 46: concerns. This evaluation determine
Page 47 and 48: The data in Table 5 are based upon
Page 49 and 50: Thermochemical System (Electricity)
Page 51 and 52: SECTION 8 - OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALL
Page 53 and 54: For all of the biomass resource cat
Page 55 and 56: The above CEC and CBC inventories o
Page 57 and 58: Economic and Institutional Challeng
Page 59 and 60: SECTION 9 - GOVERNMENT ROLES AND IN
Page 61 and 62: SECTION 10 - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMM
Page 63 and 64: initial attractive application may
Page 65 and 66:
SECTION 11 - REFERENCES Barrett, J.
Page 67 and 68:
Collaborative, California Energy Co
Page 69 and 70:
CATEGORY 1-THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 71 and 72:
and CO at the compression stage. Th
Page 73 and 74:
Range Fuels, Inc., Denver, Colorado
Page 75 and 76:
CATEGORY II-THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSE
Page 77 and 78:
Figure A4. Enerkem Process Diagram
Page 79 and 80:
The slag leaves the gasifier and is
Page 81 and 82:
Figure A6. Thermogenics, Inc., Tech
Page 83 and 84:
CATEGORY VIII-BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 85 and 86:
Figure A8. BlueFire Arkenol Technol
Page 87 and 88:
Figure A9. BEI Process Celunol Corp
Page 89 and 90:
support systems and using the conve
Page 91 and 92:
several years ago, HFTA has been wi
Page 93 and 94:
Figure A11. Losonoco Wood-to-Ethano
Page 95 and 96:
OxyNol process. TVA is decommission
Page 97 and 98:
Technology Characteristics-The biom
Page 99 and 100:
Figure A14. PEC Biomass-to-Ethanol
Page 101 and 102:
CATEGORY IX - BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Page 103 and 104:
Richland Washington, with U.S. DOE
Page 105 and 106:
construction of which could begin i
Page 107 and 108:
Figure A16. Iogen Biomass-to-Ethano
Page 109 and 110:
commercialize a biomass-to-ethanol
Page 111 and 112:
developed by CBE, is used to separa
Page 113 and 114:
Figure A19. DuPont Process BioGasol
Page 115 and 116:
Technology Characteristics-The Swan
Page 117 and 118:
CATEGORY X-OTHER BIOLOGICAL PROCESS
Page 119 and 120:
CATEGORY XI-INTEGRATED BIOREFINERY
Page 121 and 122:
CATEGORY XII-FERMENTATION OF SYNGAS
Page 123 and 124:
APPENDIX 2. CALIFORNIA ETHANOL PROD
Page 125:
Proposed Advanced Technology (Cellu
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