Taking action: achieving gender equality and empowering women

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Contents vii Chapter 12 Making it happen 138 Commitment and mobilization of change agents 138 Technical capacity to implement change 139 Institutional structures and processes 141 Adequate financial resources 143 Accountability and monitoring systems 143 Country case studies 145 Gender mainstreaming in MDG-based country policy processes 152 Conclusion 154 Appendix 1 Education projections and country level education data 155 Appendix 2 Reproductive health statistics 178 Appendix 3 Employment statistics 180 Appendix 4 Statistics on women’s political participation 189 Appendix 5 Employment indicators 197 Appendix 6 Summary of e-discussion facilitated by ActionAid, United Kingdom 198 Notes 215 References 224 Boxes 1 Proposed indicators for tracking progress on strategic priorities for Goal 3 18 1.1 Seven strategic priorities for action on Millennium Development Goal 3 29 2.1 Gender equality is critical to achieving all the Goals 31 2.2 Achieving the Millennium Development Goals is critical for gender equality 32 3.1 The Bangladesh Female Secondary School Assistance Program increases girls’ enrollment 49 3.2 Cash for education programs—Mexico’s Progresa 50 5.1 The Ghana Community Water and Sanitation Project gains from women’s participation 71 5.2 Diesel-powered multifunctional platforms reduce the burdens on women in Mali 73 6.1 How land rights can empower women 76 6.2 Land reform changes focus on women’s land rights in Kyrgyzstan 84 6.3 Joint titling improves women’s access to land in Viet Nam 85 7.1 The Self-Employed Women’s Association of India addresses the needs of the informally employed 99
viii Contents 8.1 A strong women’s political movement increases women’s parliamentary representation in Timor-Leste 107 9.1 Mainstreaming attention to domestic violence in lending operations: six elements of Inter-American Development Bank success 120 10.1 Proposed indicators for tracking progress toward strategic priorities for Goal 3 124 11.1 The five steps of the UN Millennium Project needs assessment methodology 133 12.1 Gender norms contribute to vulnerability to HIV/AIDS 140 12.2 Cambodia: the changing role of the Ministry of Women’s Affairs 146 12.3 Chile: the influence of women’s organizations 147 12.4 Rwanda: a national commitment to gender equality 148 12.5 South Africa: mainstreaming gender concerns 150 A1.1 Regional classifications 158 A6.1 The All China Women’s Federation makes education relevant to learners 201 A6.2 Botswana’s Diphalana initiative for keeping pregnant girls in school 205 A6.3 Zambian girls defy traditional barriers to stay in school 207 Figures 3.1 The rate of early marriage falls with higher girls’ enrollment in secondary school 40 4.1 Rates of early marriage of girls are very high in some regions 58 4.2 Early marriage often leads to early childbearing 58 4.3 Maternal mortality is much higher among young women 59 5.1 Women are the primary collectors of fuelwood 67 5.2 Women are the primary collectors of water 68 5.3 Electricity means more time to read 68 Tables 3.1 Total fertility rate and desired family size by years of schooling, by region: averages for countries with World Fertility Surveys in the 1970s 39 3.2 Gender parity in primary school gross enrollment rates, 1990 and 2000 43 3.3 Primary school gross enrollment rates by sex, 1990 and 2000 43 3.4 Primary school completion rates by sex, 1990 and 2000 44 3.5 Gender parity in secondary gross enrollment rates, 1990 and 2000 45 3.6 Secondary school gross enrollment rates, by sex, 1990 and 2000 45 3.7 Enrollment rates and ratios of 6- to 14-year-olds by wealth and sex 46
Page 2 and 3: The UN Millennium Project is an ind
Page 4 and 5: Task Force on Hunger Halving hunger
Page 6 and 7: Foreword The world has an unprecede
Page 8 and 9: Contents Foreword iii Task force me
Page 12 and 13: Contents ix 4.1 HIV prevalence rate
Page 14 and 15: Task force members Task force coord
Page 16 and 17: Preface At the Millennium Summit in
Page 18 and 19: Acknowledgments The authors would l
Page 20 and 21: Abbreviations AGI CEDAW CRC DALY DD
Page 22: Millennium Development Goals xix
Page 25 and 26: 2 Executive summary Achieving Goal
Page 27 and 28: 4 Executive summary Gender inequali
Page 29 and 30: 6 Executive summary Sexual and repr
Page 31 and 32: 8 Executive summary The time spent
Page 33 and 34: 10 Executive summary Several types
Page 35 and 36: 12 Executive summary Employmentenha
Page 37 and 38: 14 Executive summary Gender quotas
Page 39 and 40: 16 Executive summary Infrastructure
Page 41 and 42: 18 Executive summary Box 1 Proposed
Page 43 and 44: 20 Executive summary A transformati
Page 45 and 46: 22 Executive summary Women’s orga
Page 47 and 48: 24 Executive summary The internatio
Page 49 and 50: 26 Executive summary The next 10 ye
Page 51 and 52: 28 Chapter 1 Genuine equality means
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 2 Task force perspective on
Page 55 and 56: 32 Chapter 2 Box 2.2 Achieving the
Page 57 and 58: 34 Chapter 2 The task force believe
Page 59 and 60: Chapter 3 Strengthen opportunities
Page 61 and 62:
38 Chapter 3 Higher levels of educa
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40 Chapter 3 Female education can r
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42 Chapter 3 All regions except Sou
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44 Chapter 3 Table 3.4 Primary scho
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46 Chapter 3 Table 3.7 Enrollment r
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48 Chapter 3 Scholarship programs h
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50 Chapter 3 Decreasing the distanc
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52 Chapter 3 Support to literacy pr
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54 Chapter 4 Sexual and reproductiv
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56 Chapter 4 At the end of 2004 abo
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58 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Rates of ea
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60 Chapter 4 Interventions to impro
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62 Chapter 4 A critical priority is
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64 Chapter 4 Schools can provide li
Page 89 and 90:
Chapter 5 Invest in infrastructure
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68 Chapter 5 Figure 5.2 Women are t
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70 Chapter 5 Taking women’s perce
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72 Chapter 5 Cost is often a constr
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74 Chapter 5 and Elson 1995). If us
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76 Chapter 6 Effective land rights
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78 Chapter 6 Gathering systematic e
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80 Chapter 6 In Sub-Saharan Africa
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82 Chapter 6 Land markets have been
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84 Chapter 6 and recording women’
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86 Chapter 6 At the international l
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Chapter 7 Reduce gender inequality
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90 Chapter 7 In only 17 of 110 coun
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92 Chapter 7 Table 7.3 Female share
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94 Chapter 7 Gender gaps in earning
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96 Chapter 7 An important strategy
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98 Chapter 7 For poor women, public
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100 Chapter 7 Many developed and de
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102 Chapter 7 Decent, productive wo
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Chapter 8 Increase women’s repres
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106 Chapter 8 Only 14 countries hav
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108 Chapter 8 Experience offers fou
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Chapter 9 Combat violence against w
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112 Chapter 9 Surveys often find th
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114 Chapter 9 The economic, social,
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116 Chapter 9 Interventions for com
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118 Chapter 9 Communities play an i
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120 Chapter 9 Box 9.1 Mainstreaming
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Chapter 10 Data and indicators for
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124 Chapter 10 Box 10.1 Proposed in
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126 Chapter 10 The task force recom
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128 Chapter 10 Improving countries
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Chapter 11 The financial costs of i
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132 Chapter 11 A gender needs asses
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134 Chapter 11 empower women. For e
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136 Chapter 11 costs of setting up
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Chapter 12 Making it happen Althoug
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140 Chapter 12 Gender analysis invo
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142 Chapter 12 Through legislation,
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144 Chapter 12 The reporting obliga
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146 Chapter 12 Box 12.2 Cambodia: t
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148 Chapter 12 Box 12.3 Chile: the
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150 Chapter 12 Box 12.5 South Afric
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152 Chapter 12 Poverty reduction st
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154 Chapter 12 The next 10 years pr
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156 Appendix 1 illiterate, while th
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158 Appendix 1 Box A1.1 Regional cl
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160 Appendix 1 Table A1.3 Country p
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162 Appendix 1 are likely to fall b
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164 Appendix 1 Table A1.7 Female an
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174 Appendix 1 Table A1.10 Adult fe
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176 Appendix 1 Table A1.10 Adult fe
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Appendix 2 Reproductive health stat
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Appendix 3 Employment statistics Ta
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182 Appendix 3 Table A3.2 Maternity
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184 Appendix 3 Table A3.2 Maternity
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186 Appendix 3 Table A3.3 Women’s
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188 Appendix 3 Table A3.3 Women’s
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190 Appendix 4 Table A4.1 Share of
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192 Appendix 4 Table A4.3 Results o
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Appendix 6 Summary of e-discussion
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200 Appendix 6 caveats to be consid
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202 Appendix 6 political opportunit
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204 Appendix 6 investment in infras
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206 Appendix 6 does not lower women
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208 Appendix 6 • Conduct public a
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210 Appendix 6 women—hardly a gen
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212 Appendix 6 commented on gender-
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214 Appendix 6 clear is the extent
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216 Notes from many different count
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218 Notes 5. A condition of such ow
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220 Notes 14. The pension is paid o
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222 Notes Chapter 11 1. Using data
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References Aboim, M. 2002. “Brazi
Page 249 and 250:
226 References Aromolaran, A. 2002.
Page 251 and 252:
228 References Bid, P., R. Nanavaty
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230 References Case, A., and A. Dea
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232 References ———. 2001. Emp
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234 References Floro, M. 1995. “E
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236 References Harding, S. 1996.
Page 261 and 262:
238 References ———. 2000. “
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240 References Kaufmann, D., A. Kra
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242 References son-Kuhn, and J. Haa
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244 References Mladjenvoic, L., and
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246 References Ostro, B. J., M. San
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248 References Rehn, E., and E. Joh
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250 References Global Technical Con
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252 References UNAIDS. 2003a. Acces
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254 References United Nations Secre
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256 References ———. 1999. “
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