Taking action: achieving gender equality and empowering women

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Employment statistics 185 Table A3.3 Women’s wage employment in nonagricultural sector as a share of total nonagricultural employment, 1990 and 2002 Percent — Not available. Source: UN 2004a. Region and country 1990 2002 Developed countries Australia 44.6 48.9 Austria 40.1 44.1 Belgium 39.9 45.2 Canada 46.9 48.7 Denmark 47.1 49.0 Finland 50.6 50.7 France 43.9 47.0 Germany 40.7 45.9 Greece 34.7 40.5 Iceland 52.9 53.0 Ireland 41.7 47.6 Italy 34.3 40.9 Japan 38.0 40.6 Luxembourg 34.6 37.5 Netherlands 37.7 45.0 New Zealand 47.8 50.6 Norway 47.1 48.9 Portugal 44.4 46.5 Spain 32.6 39.9 Sweden 50.5 50.9 Switzerland 42.8 47.2 United Kingdom 47.8 50.4 United States 47.4 48.6 East Asia and the Pacific Brunei Darussalam 39.5 — Cambodia 40.6 53.2 China 37.7 39.3 Korea, DPR 49.6 — Fiji 29.9 34.8 Hong Kong, China 41.2 45.9 Indonesia 29.2 29.7 Kiribati — — Korea, Rep. 38.1 39.7 Lao PDR 42.1 — Malaysia 37.8 34.6 Marshall Islands — — Micronesia, Fed. States of — — Mongolia 48.6 47.4 Myanmar 35.2 — Nauru — — Palau — — Papua New Guinea 24.1 — Philippines 40.4 40.7 Samoa — — Singapore 42.5 46.7 Solomon Islands 33.3 — Thailand 45.3 46.1 Timor-Leste 27.9 — Tonga — — Tuvalu — — Vanuatu — — Viet Nam 52.9 —
186 Appendix 3 Table A3.3 Women’s wage employment in nonagricultural sector as a share of total nonagricultural employment, 1990 and 2002 (continued) Region and country 1990 2002 Europe and Central Asia Albania 39.6 40.2 Armenia — — Azerbaijan 41.2 48.4 Belarus 55.7 55.8 Bosnia and Herzegovina 43.4 — Bulgaria 54.2 51.3 Croatia 44.2 45.7 Cyprus 36.4 42.4 Czech Republic 46.0 46.7 Estonia 52.3 51.5 Georgia 44.5 46.5 Hungary 46.2 46.7 Kazakhstan 59.9 48.1 Kyrgyzstan 46.4 45.4 Latvia 52.3 53.4 Lithuania 57.8 50.3 Macedonia, TFYR 38.3 41.8 Moldova 52.9 53.7 Poland 47.2 47.5 Romania 42.7 45.2 Russian Federation 49.9 49.6 Serbia and Montenegro 46.4 — Slovakia 48.2 52.0 Slovenia 48.9 47.9 Tajikistan 40.1 50.4 Turkey 15.2 20.6 Turkmenistan — — Ukraine 50.6 53.2 Uzbekistan 46.2 41.8 Latin America and the Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda Argentina 36.6 45.9 Bahamas 49.0 48.5 Barbados 45.5 48.5 Belize 37.6 41.0 Bolivia 35.6 37.3 Brazil 40.2 46.6 Chile 36.2 36.5 Colombia 42.4 49.2 Costa Rica 37.2 39.6 Cuba 36.9 37.7 Dominica — — Dominican Republic 35.2 34.9 Ecuador 37.3 40.0 El Salvador 32.3 31.1 Grenada — — Guatemala 36.8 39.2 Guyana 44.8 — Haiti 39.5 — Honduras 48.1 50.2 Jamaica 50.9 47.2 Mexico 35.4 37.1 Nicaragua 49.0 —
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The UN Millennium Project is an ind
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Task Force on Hunger Halving hunger
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Foreword The world has an unprecede
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Contents Foreword iii Task force me
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Contents vii Chapter 12 Making it h
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Contents ix 4.1 HIV prevalence rate
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Task force members Task force coord
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Preface At the Millennium Summit in
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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Abbreviations AGI CEDAW CRC DALY DD
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Millennium Development Goals xix
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2 Executive summary Achieving Goal
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4 Executive summary Gender inequali
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6 Executive summary Sexual and repr
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8 Executive summary The time spent
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10 Executive summary Several types
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12 Executive summary Employmentenha
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14 Executive summary Gender quotas
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16 Executive summary Infrastructure
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18 Executive summary Box 1 Proposed
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20 Executive summary A transformati
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22 Executive summary Women’s orga
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24 Executive summary The internatio
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26 Executive summary The next 10 ye
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28 Chapter 1 Genuine equality means
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Chapter 2 Task force perspective on
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32 Chapter 2 Box 2.2 Achieving the
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34 Chapter 2 The task force believe
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Chapter 3 Strengthen opportunities
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38 Chapter 3 Higher levels of educa
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40 Chapter 3 Female education can r
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42 Chapter 3 All regions except Sou
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44 Chapter 3 Table 3.4 Primary scho
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46 Chapter 3 Table 3.7 Enrollment r
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48 Chapter 3 Scholarship programs h
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50 Chapter 3 Decreasing the distanc
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52 Chapter 3 Support to literacy pr
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54 Chapter 4 Sexual and reproductiv
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56 Chapter 4 At the end of 2004 abo
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58 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Rates of ea
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60 Chapter 4 Interventions to impro
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62 Chapter 4 A critical priority is
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64 Chapter 4 Schools can provide li
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Chapter 5 Invest in infrastructure
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68 Chapter 5 Figure 5.2 Women are t
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70 Chapter 5 Taking women’s perce
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72 Chapter 5 Cost is often a constr
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74 Chapter 5 and Elson 1995). If us
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76 Chapter 6 Effective land rights
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78 Chapter 6 Gathering systematic e
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80 Chapter 6 In Sub-Saharan Africa
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82 Chapter 6 Land markets have been
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84 Chapter 6 and recording women’
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86 Chapter 6 At the international l
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Chapter 7 Reduce gender inequality
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90 Chapter 7 In only 17 of 110 coun
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92 Chapter 7 Table 7.3 Female share
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94 Chapter 7 Gender gaps in earning
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96 Chapter 7 An important strategy
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98 Chapter 7 For poor women, public
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100 Chapter 7 Many developed and de
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102 Chapter 7 Decent, productive wo
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Chapter 8 Increase women’s repres
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106 Chapter 8 Only 14 countries hav
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108 Chapter 8 Experience offers fou
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Chapter 9 Combat violence against w
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112 Chapter 9 Surveys often find th
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114 Chapter 9 The economic, social,
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116 Chapter 9 Interventions for com
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118 Chapter 9 Communities play an i
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120 Chapter 9 Box 9.1 Mainstreaming
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Chapter 10 Data and indicators for
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124 Chapter 10 Box 10.1 Proposed in
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126 Chapter 10 The task force recom
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128 Chapter 10 Improving countries
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Chapter 11 The financial costs of i
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132 Chapter 11 A gender needs asses
Page 157 and 158: 134 Chapter 11 empower women. For e
Page 159 and 160: 136 Chapter 11 costs of setting up
Page 161 and 162: Chapter 12 Making it happen Althoug
Page 163 and 164: 140 Chapter 12 Gender analysis invo
Page 165 and 166: 142 Chapter 12 Through legislation,
Page 167 and 168: 144 Chapter 12 The reporting obliga
Page 169 and 170: 146 Chapter 12 Box 12.2 Cambodia: t
Page 171 and 172: 148 Chapter 12 Box 12.3 Chile: the
Page 173 and 174: 150 Chapter 12 Box 12.5 South Afric
Page 175 and 176: 152 Chapter 12 Poverty reduction st
Page 177 and 178: 154 Chapter 12 The next 10 years pr
Page 179 and 180: 156 Appendix 1 illiterate, while th
Page 181 and 182: 158 Appendix 1 Box A1.1 Regional cl
Page 183 and 184: 160 Appendix 1 Table A1.3 Country p
Page 185 and 186: 162 Appendix 1 are likely to fall b
Page 187 and 188: 164 Appendix 1 Table A1.7 Female an
Page 197 and 198: 174 Appendix 1 Table A1.10 Adult fe
Page 199 and 200: 176 Appendix 1 Table A1.10 Adult fe
Page 201 and 202: Appendix 2 Reproductive health stat
Page 203 and 204: Appendix 3 Employment statistics Ta
Page 205 and 206: 182 Appendix 3 Table A3.2 Maternity
Page 207: 184 Appendix 3 Table A3.2 Maternity
Page 211 and 212: 188 Appendix 3 Table A3.3 Women’s
Page 213 and 214: 190 Appendix 4 Table A4.1 Share of
Page 215 and 216: 192 Appendix 4 Table A4.3 Results o
Page 221 and 222: Appendix 6 Summary of e-discussion
Page 223 and 224: 200 Appendix 6 caveats to be consid
Page 225 and 226: 202 Appendix 6 political opportunit
Page 227 and 228: 204 Appendix 6 investment in infras
Page 229 and 230: 206 Appendix 6 does not lower women
Page 231 and 232: 208 Appendix 6 • Conduct public a
Page 233 and 234: 210 Appendix 6 women—hardly a gen
Page 235 and 236: 212 Appendix 6 commented on gender-
Page 237 and 238: 214 Appendix 6 clear is the extent
Page 239 and 240: 216 Notes from many different count
Page 241 and 242: 218 Notes 5. A condition of such ow
Page 243 and 244: 220 Notes 14. The pension is paid o
Page 245 and 246: 222 Notes Chapter 11 1. Using data
Page 247 and 248: References Aboim, M. 2002. “Brazi
Page 249 and 250: 226 References Aromolaran, A. 2002.
Page 251 and 252: 228 References Bid, P., R. Nanavaty
Page 253 and 254: 230 References Case, A., and A. Dea
Page 255 and 256: 232 References ———. 2001. Emp
Page 257 and 258: 234 References Floro, M. 1995. “E
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236 References Harding, S. 1996.
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238 References ———. 2000. “
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240 References Kaufmann, D., A. Kra
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242 References son-Kuhn, and J. Haa
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244 References Mladjenvoic, L., and
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246 References Ostro, B. J., M. San
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248 References Rehn, E., and E. Joh
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250 References Global Technical Con
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252 References UNAIDS. 2003a. Acces
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254 References United Nations Secre
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256 References ———. 1999. “
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Taking action: achieving gender equality and empowering women

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