Taking action: achieving gender equality and empowering women

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Data and indicators for monitoring progress 125 The task force recommends two additional sexual and reproductive health and rights indicators The task force does not recommend the use of literacy data until the quality of the data can be improved. The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) has already developed an alternative literacy assessment method, the Literacy Assessment and Monitoring Programme (LAMP), which uses assessments of individuals’ skills to measure literacy across a range of levels. LAMP is now being piloted in several countries. The task force recommends that additional resources be made available to UIS to consolidate improvements in the LAMP survey and implement it in 50 more countries by 2010 and in all developing countries by 2015. Strategic priority 2: guarantee sexual and reproductive health and rights Several indicators for Goals 5 and 6 measure aspects of women’s reproductive health: the maternal mortality ratio, the proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel, HIV prevalence among 15- to 24-year-old pregnant women, and the contraceptive prevalence rate. These are useful indicators, but they do not assess women’s and adolescents’ ability to act on their reproductive preferences. The task force therefore recommends two additional sexual and reproductive health and rights indicators. One, the proportion of contraceptive demand satisfied, captures the central connection between women’s control over their reproductive preferences and their decisionmaking ability. The proportion of contraceptive demand satisfied is the contraceptive prevalence rate as a proportion of the sum of the contraceptive prevalence rate and the unmet need for family planning (Bernstein 2004). 7 It thus measures the proportion of all women of reproductive age whose demand for contraception is actually satisfied (which the more common unmet need measures does not). The United Nations Population Division (UNPD) and ORC-Macro’s Demographic and Health Surveys include the data needed to compute this indicator for 75 developing countries and for two time periods, 1990–95 and 1996–2002. The usefulness of this indicator has been established by Bernstein (2004). However, further work is needed to synchronize UNPD and ORC-Macro surveys to produce data for a larger sample of countries and to popularize the use of this indicator. The task force recommends supporting such an effort. The second indicator, the adolescent fertility rate, gives insight into the reproductive behavior of an important target population for meeting the sexual and reproductive health and rights strategic priority. Childbearing among girls ages 15–19 is of special concern because births to teenagers are more likely to be unintended and premature and are associated with greater risks of complications during delivery and higher levels of maternal and child mortality. This indicator refers to births per 1,000 women ages 15–19. 8 Most countries now report fertility statistics by age. In 2000 the UN Database had adolescent fertility statistics for 107 countries. 9 This enables regular monitoring of this indicator for a large number of countries.
126 Chapter 10 The task force recommends expanding the collection of time-use data Strategic priority 3: invest in infrastructure to reduce women’s and girls’ time burdens Chapter 5 recommends investments in infrastructure to reduce women’s and girls’ time burdens. The indicator proposed by the task force to measure women’s and girls’ time burdens as a result of the lack of infrastructure is hours per day (or year) women (girls) and men (boys) spend fetching water and collecting fuel. Unlike the other indicators recommended in this chapter, this indicator is intended only for country-level monitoring, not as a global indicator because of the geographic specificity of infrastructure deficits. There is not enough systematic collection of time-use data within countries to permit the development of an indicator to track progress across countries. To do tracking, new questions on time use would have to be incorporated into regularly repeated household surveys or small area surveys. Several countries and institutions such as the World Bank sponsor national or subnational surveys that include time-use modules to capture the division of labor within households. For instance, the World Bank’s Living Standards Measurement Study surveys include time-use and infrastructure questions in selected country surveys. The task force recommends expanding the collection of time-use data, with periodic updates, in a representative sample of developing countries where infrastructure deficits are large. Strategic priority 4: guarantee women’s and girls’ property and inheritance rights As noted in chapter 6, sex-disaggregated data on the distribution of land and housing ownership are patchy. Very few agricultural censuses ask for the legal landowner in the household or keep records on ownership of land by sex. In Africa and Asia most of the information on the distribution of land ownership by sex comes from scattered household surveys. Some of the Living Standards Measurement Study surveys have included questions on land ownership, but the frequency is low and the questions have been included in surveys for only a few countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. National agricultural surveys in some Latin American countries also collect information that can be used to calculate the distribution of landowners by sex (Deere and Leon 2003). The task force recommends that a lead agency from among the UN statistical agencies be designated to develop and lead a global effort to standardize data collection and indicator development on this issue. Data on housing titles are also scarce. UN-HABITAT has a Global Campaign for Secure Tenure, which emphasizes the importance of women’s rights to tenure security. It recommends collecting data on the percentage of female- and male-headed households in different tenure categories (owned, rental, communal property, government-owned). Within countries a coordinated effort is needed to gather such data from government and private agencies that register sales and
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The UN Millennium Project is an ind
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Task Force on Hunger Halving hunger
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Foreword The world has an unprecede
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Contents Foreword iii Task force me
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Contents vii Chapter 12 Making it h
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Contents ix 4.1 HIV prevalence rate
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Task force members Task force coord
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Preface At the Millennium Summit in
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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Abbreviations AGI CEDAW CRC DALY DD
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Millennium Development Goals xix
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2 Executive summary Achieving Goal
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4 Executive summary Gender inequali
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6 Executive summary Sexual and repr
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8 Executive summary The time spent
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10 Executive summary Several types
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12 Executive summary Employmentenha
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14 Executive summary Gender quotas
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16 Executive summary Infrastructure
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18 Executive summary Box 1 Proposed
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20 Executive summary A transformati
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22 Executive summary Women’s orga
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24 Executive summary The internatio
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26 Executive summary The next 10 ye
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28 Chapter 1 Genuine equality means
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Chapter 2 Task force perspective on
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32 Chapter 2 Box 2.2 Achieving the
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34 Chapter 2 The task force believe
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Chapter 3 Strengthen opportunities
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38 Chapter 3 Higher levels of educa
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40 Chapter 3 Female education can r
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42 Chapter 3 All regions except Sou
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44 Chapter 3 Table 3.4 Primary scho
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46 Chapter 3 Table 3.7 Enrollment r
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48 Chapter 3 Scholarship programs h
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50 Chapter 3 Decreasing the distanc
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52 Chapter 3 Support to literacy pr
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54 Chapter 4 Sexual and reproductiv
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56 Chapter 4 At the end of 2004 abo
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58 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Rates of ea
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60 Chapter 4 Interventions to impro
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62 Chapter 4 A critical priority is
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64 Chapter 4 Schools can provide li
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Chapter 5 Invest in infrastructure
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68 Chapter 5 Figure 5.2 Women are t
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70 Chapter 5 Taking women’s perce
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72 Chapter 5 Cost is often a constr
Page 97 and 98: 74 Chapter 5 and Elson 1995). If us
Page 99 and 100: 76 Chapter 6 Effective land rights
Page 101 and 102: 78 Chapter 6 Gathering systematic e
Page 103 and 104: 80 Chapter 6 In Sub-Saharan Africa
Page 105 and 106: 82 Chapter 6 Land markets have been
Page 107 and 108: 84 Chapter 6 and recording women’
Page 109 and 110: 86 Chapter 6 At the international l
Page 111 and 112: Chapter 7 Reduce gender inequality
Page 113 and 114: 90 Chapter 7 In only 17 of 110 coun
Page 115 and 116: 92 Chapter 7 Table 7.3 Female share
Page 117 and 118: 94 Chapter 7 Gender gaps in earning
Page 119 and 120: 96 Chapter 7 An important strategy
Page 121 and 122: 98 Chapter 7 For poor women, public
Page 123 and 124: 100 Chapter 7 Many developed and de
Page 125 and 126: 102 Chapter 7 Decent, productive wo
Page 127 and 128: Chapter 8 Increase women’s repres
Page 129 and 130: 106 Chapter 8 Only 14 countries hav
Page 131 and 132: 108 Chapter 8 Experience offers fou
Page 133 and 134: Chapter 9 Combat violence against w
Page 135 and 136: 112 Chapter 9 Surveys often find th
Page 137 and 138: 114 Chapter 9 The economic, social,
Page 139 and 140: 116 Chapter 9 Interventions for com
Page 141 and 142: 118 Chapter 9 Communities play an i
Page 143 and 144: 120 Chapter 9 Box 9.1 Mainstreaming
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 10 Data and indicators for
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Page 151 and 152: 128 Chapter 10 Improving countries
Page 153 and 154: Chapter 11 The financial costs of i
Page 155 and 156: 132 Chapter 11 A gender needs asses
Page 157 and 158: 134 Chapter 11 empower women. For e
Page 159 and 160: 136 Chapter 11 costs of setting up
Page 161 and 162: Chapter 12 Making it happen Althoug
Page 163 and 164: 140 Chapter 12 Gender analysis invo
Page 165 and 166: 142 Chapter 12 Through legislation,
Page 167 and 168: 144 Chapter 12 The reporting obliga
Page 169 and 170: 146 Chapter 12 Box 12.2 Cambodia: t
Page 171 and 172: 148 Chapter 12 Box 12.3 Chile: the
Page 173 and 174: 150 Chapter 12 Box 12.5 South Afric
Page 175 and 176: 152 Chapter 12 Poverty reduction st
Page 177 and 178: 154 Chapter 12 The next 10 years pr
Page 179 and 180: 156 Appendix 1 illiterate, while th
Page 181 and 182: 158 Appendix 1 Box A1.1 Regional cl
Page 183 and 184: 160 Appendix 1 Table A1.3 Country p
Page 185 and 186: 162 Appendix 1 are likely to fall b
Page 187 and 188: 164 Appendix 1 Table A1.7 Female an
Page 197 and 198: 174 Appendix 1 Table A1.10 Adult fe
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176 Appendix 1 Table A1.10 Adult fe
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Appendix 2 Reproductive health stat
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Appendix 3 Employment statistics Ta
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182 Appendix 3 Table A3.2 Maternity
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184 Appendix 3 Table A3.2 Maternity
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186 Appendix 3 Table A3.3 Women’s
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188 Appendix 3 Table A3.3 Women’s
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190 Appendix 4 Table A4.1 Share of
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192 Appendix 4 Table A4.3 Results o
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Appendix 6 Summary of e-discussion
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200 Appendix 6 caveats to be consid
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202 Appendix 6 political opportunit
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204 Appendix 6 investment in infras
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206 Appendix 6 does not lower women
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208 Appendix 6 • Conduct public a
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210 Appendix 6 women—hardly a gen
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212 Appendix 6 commented on gender-
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214 Appendix 6 clear is the extent
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216 Notes from many different count
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218 Notes 5. A condition of such ow
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220 Notes 14. The pension is paid o
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222 Notes Chapter 11 1. Using data
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References Aboim, M. 2002. “Brazi
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226 References Aromolaran, A. 2002.
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228 References Bid, P., R. Nanavaty
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230 References Case, A., and A. Dea
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232 References ———. 2001. Emp
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234 References Floro, M. 1995. “E
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236 References Harding, S. 1996.
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238 References ———. 2000. “
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240 References Kaufmann, D., A. Kra
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242 References son-Kuhn, and J. Haa
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244 References Mladjenvoic, L., and
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246 References Ostro, B. J., M. San
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248 References Rehn, E., and E. Joh
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250 References Global Technical Con
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252 References UNAIDS. 2003a. Acces
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254 References United Nations Secre
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256 References ———. 1999. “
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