Taking action: achieving gender equality and empowering women

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Statistics on women’s political participation 191 Table A4.2 Countries with gender quotas or reservations in legislative bodies, latest available data a. Information on the number of reserved seats was not available. b. Kosovo is a province of Serbia administered by the United Nations. c. Twenty percent of seats in the lower house of congress are reserved for “marginalized sectors” of society, including women. Source: Htun 2003b; International IDEA and Stockholm University 2004. Country Afghanistan Argentina Armenia Bangladesh Belgium Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil China Costa Rica Djibouti Dominican Republic Ecuador France Guyana Indonesia Kenya Kosovo b Macedonia Mexico Morocco Nepal Korea, DPR Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Rwanda Serbia and Montenegro Sudan Taiwan Province of China Tanzania Uganda Local level only Greece India Namibia Policy Reserved seats, 25.6% of lower house, 17% of upper house 30% of candidates 5% of party lists for proportional representation elections 13% of seats at national level, reserved seats at local level a 1/3 of candidates 35% of candidates for Chamber; 30% for Senate 1/3 of candidates 30% of candidates Around 30% seats reserved 40% of candidates 10% of parliamentary seats reserved 33% of candidates 30% of candidates for Chamber of Deputies 50% of candidates 33% of candidates 30% of candidates 6 of 12 parliamentary seats nominated by president 33% of candidates 30% of candidates 30% of candidates 30 of 325 parliamentary seats reserved 5% of candidates for lower house; 20% of local seats reserved 20% of parliamentary seats reserved 17% of seats reserved in national assembly; 33% at local level 30% of candidates for Chamber of Deputies 20% of candidates 30% of candidates Some parliamentary seats reserved c ; 1 seat reserved per council 24 lower house seats and 30% of senate seats 30% of candidates in Serbia 10% of national assembly seats reserved 10% of legislative seats reserved at all levels 15% of parliamentary seats reserved; 25% of local councils 56 parliamentary seats reserved; 33% of local councils 33% of candidates 33% of seats reserved 33% of candidates
192 Appendix 4 Table A4.3 Results of quotas in legislative bodies, latest available data Percent Note: All percentages have been rounded off. Source: Htun 2003; IPU 2004; International IDEA and Stockholm University 2004. Country Size of quota or reservation Share of women in lower house or unicameral chamber Share of women in upper house Argentina 30 31 33 Armenia 5 5 Bangladesh 13 2 Belgium 33 35 33 Bolivia 35/30 19 15 Bosnia and Herzegovina 33 17 0 Brazil 30 9 12 China around 30 20 Costa Rica 40 35 Djibouti 10 11 Dominican Republic 33 17 6 Ecuador 30 16 France 50 12 11 Guyana 33 20 Indonesia 30 8 Kenya 3 7 Korea, DPR 20 20 Kosovo 33 28 Macedonia 30 23 Mexico 30 16 19 Morocco 10 11 1 woman of 270 Nepal 5 6 8 Pakistan 17 22 18 Panama 30 10 Paraguay 20 10 9 Peru 30 18 Philippines some 18 13 Rwanda 24 seats and 30 49 30 Serbia and Montenegro 30 Sudan 10 10 Taiwan Province of China 10 22 Tanzania 15 21 Uganda 18 25
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The UN Millennium Project is an ind
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Task Force on Hunger Halving hunger
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Foreword The world has an unprecede
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Contents Foreword iii Task force me
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Contents vii Chapter 12 Making it h
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Contents ix 4.1 HIV prevalence rate
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Task force members Task force coord
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Preface At the Millennium Summit in
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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Abbreviations AGI CEDAW CRC DALY DD
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Millennium Development Goals xix
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2 Executive summary Achieving Goal
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4 Executive summary Gender inequali
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6 Executive summary Sexual and repr
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8 Executive summary The time spent
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10 Executive summary Several types
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12 Executive summary Employmentenha
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14 Executive summary Gender quotas
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16 Executive summary Infrastructure
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18 Executive summary Box 1 Proposed
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20 Executive summary A transformati
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22 Executive summary Women’s orga
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24 Executive summary The internatio
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26 Executive summary The next 10 ye
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28 Chapter 1 Genuine equality means
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Chapter 2 Task force perspective on
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32 Chapter 2 Box 2.2 Achieving the
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34 Chapter 2 The task force believe
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Chapter 3 Strengthen opportunities
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38 Chapter 3 Higher levels of educa
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40 Chapter 3 Female education can r
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42 Chapter 3 All regions except Sou
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44 Chapter 3 Table 3.4 Primary scho
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46 Chapter 3 Table 3.7 Enrollment r
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48 Chapter 3 Scholarship programs h
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50 Chapter 3 Decreasing the distanc
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52 Chapter 3 Support to literacy pr
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54 Chapter 4 Sexual and reproductiv
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56 Chapter 4 At the end of 2004 abo
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58 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Rates of ea
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60 Chapter 4 Interventions to impro
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62 Chapter 4 A critical priority is
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64 Chapter 4 Schools can provide li
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Chapter 5 Invest in infrastructure
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68 Chapter 5 Figure 5.2 Women are t
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70 Chapter 5 Taking women’s perce
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72 Chapter 5 Cost is often a constr
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74 Chapter 5 and Elson 1995). If us
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76 Chapter 6 Effective land rights
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78 Chapter 6 Gathering systematic e
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80 Chapter 6 In Sub-Saharan Africa
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82 Chapter 6 Land markets have been
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84 Chapter 6 and recording women’
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86 Chapter 6 At the international l
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Chapter 7 Reduce gender inequality
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90 Chapter 7 In only 17 of 110 coun
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92 Chapter 7 Table 7.3 Female share
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94 Chapter 7 Gender gaps in earning
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96 Chapter 7 An important strategy
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98 Chapter 7 For poor women, public
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100 Chapter 7 Many developed and de
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102 Chapter 7 Decent, productive wo
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Chapter 8 Increase women’s repres
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106 Chapter 8 Only 14 countries hav
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108 Chapter 8 Experience offers fou
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Chapter 9 Combat violence against w
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112 Chapter 9 Surveys often find th
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114 Chapter 9 The economic, social,
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116 Chapter 9 Interventions for com
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118 Chapter 9 Communities play an i
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120 Chapter 9 Box 9.1 Mainstreaming
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Chapter 10 Data and indicators for
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124 Chapter 10 Box 10.1 Proposed in
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126 Chapter 10 The task force recom
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128 Chapter 10 Improving countries
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Chapter 11 The financial costs of i
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132 Chapter 11 A gender needs asses
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134 Chapter 11 empower women. For e
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136 Chapter 11 costs of setting up
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Chapter 12 Making it happen Althoug
Page 163 and 164: 140 Chapter 12 Gender analysis invo
Page 165 and 166: 142 Chapter 12 Through legislation,
Page 167 and 168: 144 Chapter 12 The reporting obliga
Page 169 and 170: 146 Chapter 12 Box 12.2 Cambodia: t
Page 171 and 172: 148 Chapter 12 Box 12.3 Chile: the
Page 173 and 174: 150 Chapter 12 Box 12.5 South Afric
Page 175 and 176: 152 Chapter 12 Poverty reduction st
Page 177 and 178: 154 Chapter 12 The next 10 years pr
Page 179 and 180: 156 Appendix 1 illiterate, while th
Page 181 and 182: 158 Appendix 1 Box A1.1 Regional cl
Page 183 and 184: 160 Appendix 1 Table A1.3 Country p
Page 185 and 186: 162 Appendix 1 are likely to fall b
Page 187 and 188: 164 Appendix 1 Table A1.7 Female an
Page 197 and 198: 174 Appendix 1 Table A1.10 Adult fe
Page 199 and 200: 176 Appendix 1 Table A1.10 Adult fe
Page 201 and 202: Appendix 2 Reproductive health stat
Page 203 and 204: Appendix 3 Employment statistics Ta
Page 205 and 206: 182 Appendix 3 Table A3.2 Maternity
Page 207 and 208: 184 Appendix 3 Table A3.2 Maternity
Page 209 and 210: 186 Appendix 3 Table A3.3 Women’s
Page 211 and 212: 188 Appendix 3 Table A3.3 Women’s
Page 213: 190 Appendix 4 Table A4.1 Share of
Page 217 and 218: 194 Appendix 4 Table A4.4 Share of
Page 219 and 220: 196 Appendix 4 Table A4.4 Share of
Page 221 and 222: Appendix 6 Summary of e-discussion
Page 223 and 224: 200 Appendix 6 caveats to be consid
Page 225 and 226: 202 Appendix 6 political opportunit
Page 227 and 228: 204 Appendix 6 investment in infras
Page 229 and 230: 206 Appendix 6 does not lower women
Page 231 and 232: 208 Appendix 6 • Conduct public a
Page 233 and 234: 210 Appendix 6 women—hardly a gen
Page 235 and 236: 212 Appendix 6 commented on gender-
Page 237 and 238: 214 Appendix 6 clear is the extent
Page 239 and 240: 216 Notes from many different count
Page 241 and 242: 218 Notes 5. A condition of such ow
Page 243 and 244: 220 Notes 14. The pension is paid o
Page 245 and 246: 222 Notes Chapter 11 1. Using data
Page 247 and 248: References Aboim, M. 2002. “Brazi
Page 249 and 250: 226 References Aromolaran, A. 2002.
Page 251 and 252: 228 References Bid, P., R. Nanavaty
Page 253 and 254: 230 References Case, A., and A. Dea
Page 255 and 256: 232 References ———. 2001. Emp
Page 257 and 258: 234 References Floro, M. 1995. “E
Page 259 and 260: 236 References Harding, S. 1996.
Page 261 and 262: 238 References ———. 2000. “
Page 263 and 264: 240 References Kaufmann, D., A. Kra
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242 References son-Kuhn, and J. Haa
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244 References Mladjenvoic, L., and
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246 References Ostro, B. J., M. San
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248 References Rehn, E., and E. Joh
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250 References Global Technical Con
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252 References UNAIDS. 2003a. Acces
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254 References United Nations Secre
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256 References ———. 1999. “
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