Taking action: achieving gender equality and empowering women

Combat violence against women
113
Some 10–35
percent of
women in Latin
America and
13–45 percent
in Sub-Saharan
Africa have
experienced
physical violence
by intimate
partners at
some time in
their lives
Table 9.1
Percentage of women
ages 15–49 who have
experienced any
violence since age 15,
latest available data
a. Sample includes only women
who are or have been married.
b. Includes only women
who have ever experienced
violence since first marriage.
Source: Kishor and Johnson
2004 based on Demographic
and Health Surveys.
Studies also estimate that a third of schoolgirls in Johannesburg have been
subjected to sexual violence at school (Hayward 2000). 6
In 48 surveys from around the world 10–69 percent of women report having
been assaulted by an intimate male partner at some time in their lives
(Heise, Ellsberg, and Gottemoeller 1999). In a geographically diverse group of
countries in Latin America, North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, and South and
East Asia,Demographic and Health Survey interviewers asked women whether
they had ever been subject to intimate partner violence or violence from any
member of their community. The reported rates of violence by intimate partners
or strangers are high for all countries (table 9.1). In Zambia more than half
of the women surveyed and in Colombia, Haiti, and Peru more than a third
reported that they had been attacked.
Some 10–35 percent of women in Latin America and 13–45 percent in Sub-
Saharan Africa have experienced physical violence by intimate partners at some
time in their lives (Buvinic, Morrison, and Shifter as cited in Morrison and Biehl
1999; Heise, Ellsberg, and Gottemoeller 1999). Smaller scale studies find similar
levels of violence against women, with 67 percent in rural Papua New Guinea,
reporting having been physically abused by an intimate partner, 66 percent of
women in rural Bangladesh, 59 percent in Japan, 52 percent in Nicaragua, 41
percent in Uganda, 40 percent in India, and 35 percent in Egypt (Schuler, Hashemi,
and Badal 1998; Sancho-Liao 1993; UNICEF 2000; ICRW 2000).
Intimate partner rape is also common. In national surveys 10–15 percent
of women report having been forced to have sex with their intimate partner
(Heise, Pitanguy, and Germaine 1994). Local level data reinforce this finding.
A study in Guadalajara, Mexico, found that 23 percent of women reported
having been the victim of a rape by a partner in their lifetime. Similar figures
have been reported for Georgia, United States (42 percent); Midlands, Zimbabwe
(25 percent); Lima, Peru (23 percent); and North London, England (23
percent) (WHO 2002b; Kalichan and others 1998).
Global prevalence is also high for nonfamily or stranger sexual violence,
with at least one in five women suffering rape or attempted rape (WHO
Country
Women ever beaten
by anyone
Women ever beaten by
a spouse or partner
Cambodia a 23.4 (n = 2,403) 17.5 (n = 2,403)
Colombia 41.0 (n = 11,536) 44.1 (n = 7,602)
Dominican Republic 23.9 (n = 8,746) 22.3 (n = 6,807)
Egypt a, b 35.0 (n = 7,123) 34.4 (n = 7,123)
Haiti 35.2 (n = 3,389) 28.8 (n = 2,347)
India a 21.0 (n = 90,303) 18.9 (n = 90,303)
Nicaragua a 32.6 (n = 8,507) 30.2 (n = 8,507)
Peru 47.4 (n = 27,259) 42.4 (n = 17,369)
Zambia 58.7 (n = 5,029) 48.4 (n = 3,792)