Taking action: achieving gender equality and empowering women

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Task force members Task force coordinators Nancy Birdsall, President, Center for Global Development, United States Amina Ibrahim, National Coordinator, Education for All, Federal Ministry of Education, Nigeria Geeta Rao Gupta, President, International Center for Research on Women, United States Task force members Charles Abani, Country Director, ActionAid International, Nigeria Carmen Barroso, Regional Director, Western Hemisphere Region, International Planned Parenthood Federation, United States Barbara Bruns, Lead Economist, Human Development Network, World Bank, United States Mayra Buvinic, Chief, Social Development Division, Sustainable Development Department, Inter-American Development Bank, United States Winnie Byanyima, Director, Women, Gender and Development, African Union, Ethiopia Jennifer Chiwela, Executive Director, People’s Action Forum, Zambia Christopher Colclough, Professor, Economics of Education, Director, Centre for Commonwealth Education, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom Diane Elson, Professor, Global Social Change and Human Rights, University of Essex, United Kingdom; Senior Scholar and Director, Gender Equality and the Economy, Levy Economics Institute, Bard College, United States Tamara Fox, Program Officer, Population Program, William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, United States
xii Task force members Carolyn Hannan, Director, Division for the Advancement of Women, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United States Noeleen Heyzer, Executive Director, United Nations Development Fund for Women, United States Ruth Kagia, Director, Education Network, World Bank, United States Lin Lean Lim, Deputy Regional Director, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, International Labour Organization, Thailand Nora Lustig, President, Universidad de las Américas, México Karen Mason, Director, Gender and Development, World Bank, United States Arlene Mitchell, Chief, School Feeding Service, Policy, Strategy and Program Support Division, World Food Programme, Italy Penina Mlama, Executive Director, Forum for African Women Educationalists, Kenya Mary Joy Pigozzi, Director, Division for the Promotion of Quality Education, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, France Magaly Pineda, Founder and Coordinator, Centro de Investigación para la Acción Femenina, Dominican Republic Anastasia Posadskaya-Vanderbeck, Director, Network Women’s Program, Open Society Institute, United States Paulo Renato Souza, President and Founder, Paulo Renato Souza Consultants, Brazil Richard Sabot, Professor Emeritus, Economics, Williams College; Chairman of the Board and Cofounder, Eziba.com, United States Gita Sen, Sir Ratan Tata Chair Professor, Indian Institute of Management, India; Founding Member, Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era Gorgui Sow, Coordinator, Education Specialist, Africa Network Campaign for Education for All, Senegal Gene Sperling, Director, Center for Universal Education, Council on Foreign Relations, United States Albert Tuijnman, Senior Economist, Human Capital, European Investment Bank, Luxembourg Cream Wright, Chief, Education Section, United Nations Children’s Fund, United States Senior task force associates Caren Grown, Director, Poverty Reduction and Economic Governance Team, International Center for Research on Women, United States Ruth Levine, Director of Programs and Senior Fellow, Center for Global Development, United States
Page 2 and 3: The UN Millennium Project is an ind
Page 4 and 5: Task Force on Hunger Halving hunger
Page 6 and 7: Foreword The world has an unprecede
Page 8 and 9: Contents Foreword iii Task force me
Page 10 and 11: Contents vii Chapter 12 Making it h
Page 12 and 13: Contents ix 4.1 HIV prevalence rate
Page 16 and 17: Preface At the Millennium Summit in
Page 18 and 19: Acknowledgments The authors would l
Page 20 and 21: Abbreviations AGI CEDAW CRC DALY DD
Page 22: Millennium Development Goals xix
Page 25 and 26: 2 Executive summary Achieving Goal
Page 27 and 28: 4 Executive summary Gender inequali
Page 29 and 30: 6 Executive summary Sexual and repr
Page 31 and 32: 8 Executive summary The time spent
Page 33 and 34: 10 Executive summary Several types
Page 35 and 36: 12 Executive summary Employmentenha
Page 37 and 38: 14 Executive summary Gender quotas
Page 39 and 40: 16 Executive summary Infrastructure
Page 41 and 42: 18 Executive summary Box 1 Proposed
Page 43 and 44: 20 Executive summary A transformati
Page 45 and 46: 22 Executive summary Women’s orga
Page 47 and 48: 24 Executive summary The internatio
Page 49 and 50: 26 Executive summary The next 10 ye
Page 51 and 52: 28 Chapter 1 Genuine equality means
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 2 Task force perspective on
Page 55 and 56: 32 Chapter 2 Box 2.2 Achieving the
Page 57 and 58: 34 Chapter 2 The task force believe
Page 59 and 60: Chapter 3 Strengthen opportunities
Page 61 and 62: 38 Chapter 3 Higher levels of educa
Page 63 and 64: 40 Chapter 3 Female education can r
Page 65 and 66:
42 Chapter 3 All regions except Sou
Page 67 and 68:
44 Chapter 3 Table 3.4 Primary scho
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46 Chapter 3 Table 3.7 Enrollment r
Page 71 and 72:
48 Chapter 3 Scholarship programs h
Page 73 and 74:
50 Chapter 3 Decreasing the distanc
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52 Chapter 3 Support to literacy pr
Page 77 and 78:
54 Chapter 4 Sexual and reproductiv
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56 Chapter 4 At the end of 2004 abo
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58 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Rates of ea
Page 83 and 84:
60 Chapter 4 Interventions to impro
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62 Chapter 4 A critical priority is
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64 Chapter 4 Schools can provide li
Page 89 and 90:
Chapter 5 Invest in infrastructure
Page 91 and 92:
68 Chapter 5 Figure 5.2 Women are t
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70 Chapter 5 Taking women’s perce
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72 Chapter 5 Cost is often a constr
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74 Chapter 5 and Elson 1995). If us
Page 99 and 100:
76 Chapter 6 Effective land rights
Page 101 and 102:
78 Chapter 6 Gathering systematic e
Page 103 and 104:
80 Chapter 6 In Sub-Saharan Africa
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82 Chapter 6 Land markets have been
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84 Chapter 6 and recording women’
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86 Chapter 6 At the international l
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Chapter 7 Reduce gender inequality
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90 Chapter 7 In only 17 of 110 coun
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92 Chapter 7 Table 7.3 Female share
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94 Chapter 7 Gender gaps in earning
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96 Chapter 7 An important strategy
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98 Chapter 7 For poor women, public
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100 Chapter 7 Many developed and de
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102 Chapter 7 Decent, productive wo
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Chapter 8 Increase women’s repres
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106 Chapter 8 Only 14 countries hav
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108 Chapter 8 Experience offers fou
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Chapter 9 Combat violence against w
Page 135 and 136:
112 Chapter 9 Surveys often find th
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114 Chapter 9 The economic, social,
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116 Chapter 9 Interventions for com
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118 Chapter 9 Communities play an i
Page 143 and 144:
120 Chapter 9 Box 9.1 Mainstreaming
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Chapter 10 Data and indicators for
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124 Chapter 10 Box 10.1 Proposed in
Page 149 and 150:
126 Chapter 10 The task force recom
Page 151 and 152:
128 Chapter 10 Improving countries
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Chapter 11 The financial costs of i
Page 155 and 156:
132 Chapter 11 A gender needs asses
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134 Chapter 11 empower women. For e
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136 Chapter 11 costs of setting up
Page 161 and 162:
Chapter 12 Making it happen Althoug
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140 Chapter 12 Gender analysis invo
Page 165 and 166:
142 Chapter 12 Through legislation,
Page 167 and 168:
144 Chapter 12 The reporting obliga
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146 Chapter 12 Box 12.2 Cambodia: t
Page 171 and 172:
148 Chapter 12 Box 12.3 Chile: the
Page 173 and 174:
150 Chapter 12 Box 12.5 South Afric
Page 175 and 176:
152 Chapter 12 Poverty reduction st
Page 177 and 178:
154 Chapter 12 The next 10 years pr
Page 179 and 180:
156 Appendix 1 illiterate, while th
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158 Appendix 1 Box A1.1 Regional cl
Page 183 and 184:
160 Appendix 1 Table A1.3 Country p
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162 Appendix 1 are likely to fall b
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164 Appendix 1 Table A1.7 Female an
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Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
174 Appendix 1 Table A1.10 Adult fe
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176 Appendix 1 Table A1.10 Adult fe
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Appendix 2 Reproductive health stat
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Appendix 3 Employment statistics Ta
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182 Appendix 3 Table A3.2 Maternity
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184 Appendix 3 Table A3.2 Maternity
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186 Appendix 3 Table A3.3 Women’s
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188 Appendix 3 Table A3.3 Women’s
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190 Appendix 4 Table A4.1 Share of
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192 Appendix 4 Table A4.3 Results o
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Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Appendix 6 Summary of e-discussion
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200 Appendix 6 caveats to be consid
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202 Appendix 6 political opportunit
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204 Appendix 6 investment in infras
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206 Appendix 6 does not lower women
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208 Appendix 6 • Conduct public a
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210 Appendix 6 women—hardly a gen
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212 Appendix 6 commented on gender-
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214 Appendix 6 clear is the extent
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216 Notes from many different count
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218 Notes 5. A condition of such ow
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220 Notes 14. The pension is paid o
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222 Notes Chapter 11 1. Using data
Page 247 and 248:
References Aboim, M. 2002. “Brazi
Page 249 and 250:
226 References Aromolaran, A. 2002.
Page 251 and 252:
228 References Bid, P., R. Nanavaty
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230 References Case, A., and A. Dea
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232 References ———. 2001. Emp
Page 257 and 258:
234 References Floro, M. 1995. “E
Page 259 and 260:
236 References Harding, S. 1996.
Page 261 and 262:
238 References ———. 2000. “
Page 263 and 264:
240 References Kaufmann, D., A. Kra
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242 References son-Kuhn, and J. Haa
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244 References Mladjenvoic, L., and
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246 References Ostro, B. J., M. San
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248 References Rehn, E., and E. Joh
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250 References Global Technical Con
Page 275 and 276:
252 References UNAIDS. 2003a. Acces
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254 References United Nations Secre
Page 279 and 280:
256 References ———. 1999. “
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