Taking action: achieving gender equality and empowering women

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Data and indicators for monitoring progress 129 Women, based on WISTAT. The task force recommends the continuation of WISTAT and Trends in the World’s Women, which should continue to be published quinquennially. From the early 1980s the UN Statistics Division included the post of focal point on statistics on women. Having a focal point in the UN statistical system to bring together the various gender indicators at the international level continues to be important, especially given the need to coordinate the development of statistics on gender that relate to each of the Millennium Development Goals, as well as to assist countries with the production of national reports.
Chapter 11 The financial costs of interventions to achieve gender equality Because gender inequality is multidimensional and multisectoral, the financial costs of efforts to reduce it are difficult to calculate. Apart from a recent effort piloted by the UN Millennium Project, there have been few comprehensive attempts nationally or globally to estimate these costs. In the late 1990s many governments developed plans to implement the recommendations of the Beijing Program for Action, but few were backed by adequate resources. Yet knowing the resource requirements for implementing gender plans of action is critical. Recognizing this as a serious problem, women’s organizations around the world called for tools and methodologies that can be used in discussions with governments and other agencies to identify the financing requirements for interventions to reduce gender bias and empower women. This chapter reviews the evidence from previous attempts to estimate the cost of attaining gender equality in education and of interventions to achieve good reproductive health. It then describes the methodology developed by the UN Millennium Project to estimate the costs of gender-related interventions to achieve the strategic priorities described in this report and gender-related interventions within each of the other Millennium Development Goals. Financing interventions to achieve gender equality in education and to provide reproductive health services Several studies have estimated the financing requirements to achieve gender equality in education and health. The World Bank (2001a), for instance, estimates that achieving gender equality in primary education through universal enrollment would require an increase of slightly more than 3 percent a year in public spending on primary education in South Asia and the Middle East and North Africa, but as much as 30 percent a year in Sub-Saharan Africa. 1 The costs to achieve universal primary enrollment for girls only would be 2 percent
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The UN Millennium Project is an ind
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Task Force on Hunger Halving hunger
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Foreword The world has an unprecede
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Contents Foreword iii Task force me
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Contents vii Chapter 12 Making it h
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Contents ix 4.1 HIV prevalence rate
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Task force members Task force coord
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Preface At the Millennium Summit in
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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Abbreviations AGI CEDAW CRC DALY DD
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Millennium Development Goals xix
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2 Executive summary Achieving Goal
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4 Executive summary Gender inequali
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6 Executive summary Sexual and repr
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8 Executive summary The time spent
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10 Executive summary Several types
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12 Executive summary Employmentenha
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14 Executive summary Gender quotas
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16 Executive summary Infrastructure
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18 Executive summary Box 1 Proposed
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20 Executive summary A transformati
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22 Executive summary Women’s orga
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24 Executive summary The internatio
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26 Executive summary The next 10 ye
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28 Chapter 1 Genuine equality means
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Chapter 2 Task force perspective on
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32 Chapter 2 Box 2.2 Achieving the
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34 Chapter 2 The task force believe
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Chapter 3 Strengthen opportunities
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38 Chapter 3 Higher levels of educa
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40 Chapter 3 Female education can r
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42 Chapter 3 All regions except Sou
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44 Chapter 3 Table 3.4 Primary scho
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46 Chapter 3 Table 3.7 Enrollment r
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48 Chapter 3 Scholarship programs h
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50 Chapter 3 Decreasing the distanc
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52 Chapter 3 Support to literacy pr
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54 Chapter 4 Sexual and reproductiv
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56 Chapter 4 At the end of 2004 abo
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58 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Rates of ea
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60 Chapter 4 Interventions to impro
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62 Chapter 4 A critical priority is
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64 Chapter 4 Schools can provide li
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Chapter 5 Invest in infrastructure
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68 Chapter 5 Figure 5.2 Women are t
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70 Chapter 5 Taking women’s perce
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72 Chapter 5 Cost is often a constr
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74 Chapter 5 and Elson 1995). If us
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76 Chapter 6 Effective land rights
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Page 103 and 104: 80 Chapter 6 In Sub-Saharan Africa
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Page 107 and 108: 84 Chapter 6 and recording women’
Page 109 and 110: 86 Chapter 6 At the international l
Page 111 and 112: Chapter 7 Reduce gender inequality
Page 113 and 114: 90 Chapter 7 In only 17 of 110 coun
Page 115 and 116: 92 Chapter 7 Table 7.3 Female share
Page 117 and 118: 94 Chapter 7 Gender gaps in earning
Page 119 and 120: 96 Chapter 7 An important strategy
Page 121 and 122: 98 Chapter 7 For poor women, public
Page 123 and 124: 100 Chapter 7 Many developed and de
Page 125 and 126: 102 Chapter 7 Decent, productive wo
Page 127 and 128: Chapter 8 Increase women’s repres
Page 129 and 130: 106 Chapter 8 Only 14 countries hav
Page 131 and 132: 108 Chapter 8 Experience offers fou
Page 133 and 134: Chapter 9 Combat violence against w
Page 135 and 136: 112 Chapter 9 Surveys often find th
Page 137 and 138: 114 Chapter 9 The economic, social,
Page 139 and 140: 116 Chapter 9 Interventions for com
Page 141 and 142: 118 Chapter 9 Communities play an i
Page 143 and 144: 120 Chapter 9 Box 9.1 Mainstreaming
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 10 Data and indicators for
Page 147 and 148: 124 Chapter 10 Box 10.1 Proposed in
Page 149 and 150: 126 Chapter 10 The task force recom
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Page 155 and 156: 132 Chapter 11 A gender needs asses
Page 157 and 158: 134 Chapter 11 empower women. For e
Page 159 and 160: 136 Chapter 11 costs of setting up
Page 161 and 162: Chapter 12 Making it happen Althoug
Page 163 and 164: 140 Chapter 12 Gender analysis invo
Page 165 and 166: 142 Chapter 12 Through legislation,
Page 167 and 168: 144 Chapter 12 The reporting obliga
Page 169 and 170: 146 Chapter 12 Box 12.2 Cambodia: t
Page 171 and 172: 148 Chapter 12 Box 12.3 Chile: the
Page 173 and 174: 150 Chapter 12 Box 12.5 South Afric
Page 175 and 176: 152 Chapter 12 Poverty reduction st
Page 177 and 178: 154 Chapter 12 The next 10 years pr
Page 179 and 180: 156 Appendix 1 illiterate, while th
Page 181 and 182: 158 Appendix 1 Box A1.1 Regional cl
Page 183 and 184: 160 Appendix 1 Table A1.3 Country p
Page 185 and 186: 162 Appendix 1 are likely to fall b
Page 187 and 188: 164 Appendix 1 Table A1.7 Female an
Page 197 and 198: 174 Appendix 1 Table A1.10 Adult fe
Page 199 and 200: 176 Appendix 1 Table A1.10 Adult fe
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Appendix 3 Employment statistics Ta
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182 Appendix 3 Table A3.2 Maternity
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184 Appendix 3 Table A3.2 Maternity
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186 Appendix 3 Table A3.3 Women’s
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188 Appendix 3 Table A3.3 Women’s
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190 Appendix 4 Table A4.1 Share of
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192 Appendix 4 Table A4.3 Results o
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Appendix 6 Summary of e-discussion
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200 Appendix 6 caveats to be consid
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202 Appendix 6 political opportunit
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204 Appendix 6 investment in infras
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206 Appendix 6 does not lower women
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208 Appendix 6 • Conduct public a
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210 Appendix 6 women—hardly a gen
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212 Appendix 6 commented on gender-
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214 Appendix 6 clear is the extent
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216 Notes from many different count
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218 Notes 5. A condition of such ow
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220 Notes 14. The pension is paid o
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222 Notes Chapter 11 1. Using data
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References Aboim, M. 2002. “Brazi
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226 References Aromolaran, A. 2002.
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228 References Bid, P., R. Nanavaty
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230 References Case, A., and A. Dea
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232 References ———. 2001. Emp
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234 References Floro, M. 1995. “E
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236 References Harding, S. 1996.
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238 References ———. 2000. “
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240 References Kaufmann, D., A. Kra
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242 References son-Kuhn, and J. Haa
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244 References Mladjenvoic, L., and
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246 References Ostro, B. J., M. San
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248 References Rehn, E., and E. Joh
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250 References Global Technical Con
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252 References UNAIDS. 2003a. Acces
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254 References United Nations Secre
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256 References ———. 1999. “
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