Taking action: achieving gender equality and empowering women

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Statistics on women’s political participation 193 Table A4.4 Share of women-held seats in national parliaments, 1990 and 2003 Percent Source: IPU 2004. Region and country 1990 2003 Developed countries Australia 6.1 27.1 Austria 11.5 27.5 Belgium 8.5 33.2 Canada 13.3 26.5 Denmark 30.7 38.0 Finland 31.5 37.5 France 6.9 11.6 Germany 15.4 28.4 Greece 6.7 Iceland 20.6 30.2 Ireland 7.8 15.0 Italy 12.9 9.8 Japan 1.4 11.3 Luxembourg 13.3 16.7 Netherlands 21.3 34.4 New Zealand 14.4 28.3 Norway 35.8 36.4 Portugal 7.6 19.1 Spain 14.6 29.6 Sweden 38.4 45.3 Switzerland 14.0 24.5 United Kingdom 6.3 17.3 United States 6.6 13.6 East Asia and the Pacific Brunei Darussalam Cambodia 11.5 China 21.3 20.2 Fiji 6.0 Hong Kong, China Indonesia 12.4 8.0 Kiribati 0.0 4.8 Korea, DPR 21.1 Korea, Rep. 2.0 5.5 Lao, PDR 6.3 22.9 Malaysia 5.1 Marshall Islands 3.0 Micronesia, Fed. States 0.0 Mongolia 24.9 10.5 Myanmar Nauru 5.6 0.0 Palau 0.0 Papua New Guinea 0.0 0.9 Philippines 9.1 15.2 Samoa 0.0 6.1 Singapore 4.9 16.0 Solomon Islands 0.0 0.0 Thailand 2.8 9.9 Timor-Leste Tonga 0.0 0.0 Tuvalu 7.7 0.0 Vanuatu 4.3 1.9 Viet Nam 17.7 27.3
194 Appendix 4 Table A4.4 Share of women-held seats in national parliaments, 1990 and 2003 (continued) Region and country 1990 2003 Europe and Central Asia Albania 28.8 5.7 Armenia 35.6 4.6 Azerbaijan 10.5 Belarus 20.7 Bosnia and Herzegovina 8.4 Bulgaria 21.0 26.2 Croatia 17.8 Cyprus 1.8 10.7 Czech Republic 14.7 Estonia 18.8 Georgia Hungary 20.7 9.8 Kazakhstan 7.8 Kyrgyzstan 6.1 Latvia 21.0 Lithuania 10.6 Macedonia, TFYR 18.3 Moldova 12.9 Poland 13.5 21.6 Romania 34.4 8.2 Russian Federation 6.6 Serbia 7.9 Slovakia 19.3 Slovenia 12.2 Tajikistan 12.3 Turkey 1.3 4.4 Turkmenistan 26.0 26.0 Ukraine 5.3 Uzbekistan 7.2 Latin America and the Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda 0.0 8.6 Argentina 6.3 32.0 Bahamas 4.1 31.9 Barbados 3.7 18.6 Belize 0.0 13.2 Bolivia 9.2 16.7 Brazil 5.3 10.5 Chile 8.3 Colombia 4.5 10.4 Costa Rica 10.5 35.1 Cuba 33.9 36.0 Dominica 10.0 18.8 Dominican Republic 7.5 11.8 Ecuador 4.5 16.0 El Salvador 11.7 10.7 Grenada 28.8 Guatemala 7.0 8.2 Guyana 36.9 20.0 Haiti 14.8 Honduras 10.2 5.5 Jamaica 5.0 15.4
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The UN Millennium Project is an ind
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Task Force on Hunger Halving hunger
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Foreword The world has an unprecede
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Contents Foreword iii Task force me
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Contents vii Chapter 12 Making it h
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Contents ix 4.1 HIV prevalence rate
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Task force members Task force coord
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Preface At the Millennium Summit in
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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Abbreviations AGI CEDAW CRC DALY DD
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Millennium Development Goals xix
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2 Executive summary Achieving Goal
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4 Executive summary Gender inequali
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6 Executive summary Sexual and repr
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8 Executive summary The time spent
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10 Executive summary Several types
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12 Executive summary Employmentenha
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14 Executive summary Gender quotas
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16 Executive summary Infrastructure
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18 Executive summary Box 1 Proposed
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20 Executive summary A transformati
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22 Executive summary Women’s orga
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24 Executive summary The internatio
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26 Executive summary The next 10 ye
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28 Chapter 1 Genuine equality means
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Chapter 2 Task force perspective on
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32 Chapter 2 Box 2.2 Achieving the
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34 Chapter 2 The task force believe
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Chapter 3 Strengthen opportunities
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38 Chapter 3 Higher levels of educa
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40 Chapter 3 Female education can r
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42 Chapter 3 All regions except Sou
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44 Chapter 3 Table 3.4 Primary scho
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46 Chapter 3 Table 3.7 Enrollment r
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48 Chapter 3 Scholarship programs h
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50 Chapter 3 Decreasing the distanc
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52 Chapter 3 Support to literacy pr
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54 Chapter 4 Sexual and reproductiv
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56 Chapter 4 At the end of 2004 abo
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58 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Rates of ea
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60 Chapter 4 Interventions to impro
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62 Chapter 4 A critical priority is
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64 Chapter 4 Schools can provide li
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Chapter 5 Invest in infrastructure
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68 Chapter 5 Figure 5.2 Women are t
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70 Chapter 5 Taking women’s perce
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72 Chapter 5 Cost is often a constr
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74 Chapter 5 and Elson 1995). If us
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76 Chapter 6 Effective land rights
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78 Chapter 6 Gathering systematic e
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80 Chapter 6 In Sub-Saharan Africa
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82 Chapter 6 Land markets have been
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84 Chapter 6 and recording women’
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86 Chapter 6 At the international l
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Chapter 7 Reduce gender inequality
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90 Chapter 7 In only 17 of 110 coun
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92 Chapter 7 Table 7.3 Female share
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94 Chapter 7 Gender gaps in earning
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96 Chapter 7 An important strategy
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98 Chapter 7 For poor women, public
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100 Chapter 7 Many developed and de
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102 Chapter 7 Decent, productive wo
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Chapter 8 Increase women’s repres
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106 Chapter 8 Only 14 countries hav
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108 Chapter 8 Experience offers fou
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Chapter 9 Combat violence against w
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112 Chapter 9 Surveys often find th
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114 Chapter 9 The economic, social,
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116 Chapter 9 Interventions for com
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118 Chapter 9 Communities play an i
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120 Chapter 9 Box 9.1 Mainstreaming
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Chapter 10 Data and indicators for
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124 Chapter 10 Box 10.1 Proposed in
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126 Chapter 10 The task force recom
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128 Chapter 10 Improving countries
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Chapter 11 The financial costs of i
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132 Chapter 11 A gender needs asses
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134 Chapter 11 empower women. For e
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136 Chapter 11 costs of setting up
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Chapter 12 Making it happen Althoug
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140 Chapter 12 Gender analysis invo
Page 165 and 166: 142 Chapter 12 Through legislation,
Page 167 and 168: 144 Chapter 12 The reporting obliga
Page 169 and 170: 146 Chapter 12 Box 12.2 Cambodia: t
Page 171 and 172: 148 Chapter 12 Box 12.3 Chile: the
Page 173 and 174: 150 Chapter 12 Box 12.5 South Afric
Page 175 and 176: 152 Chapter 12 Poverty reduction st
Page 177 and 178: 154 Chapter 12 The next 10 years pr
Page 179 and 180: 156 Appendix 1 illiterate, while th
Page 181 and 182: 158 Appendix 1 Box A1.1 Regional cl
Page 183 and 184: 160 Appendix 1 Table A1.3 Country p
Page 185 and 186: 162 Appendix 1 are likely to fall b
Page 187 and 188: 164 Appendix 1 Table A1.7 Female an
Page 197 and 198: 174 Appendix 1 Table A1.10 Adult fe
Page 199 and 200: 176 Appendix 1 Table A1.10 Adult fe
Page 201 and 202: Appendix 2 Reproductive health stat
Page 203 and 204: Appendix 3 Employment statistics Ta
Page 205 and 206: 182 Appendix 3 Table A3.2 Maternity
Page 207 and 208: 184 Appendix 3 Table A3.2 Maternity
Page 209 and 210: 186 Appendix 3 Table A3.3 Women’s
Page 211 and 212: 188 Appendix 3 Table A3.3 Women’s
Page 213 and 214: 190 Appendix 4 Table A4.1 Share of
Page 215: 192 Appendix 4 Table A4.3 Results o
Page 219 and 220: 196 Appendix 4 Table A4.4 Share of
Page 221 and 222: Appendix 6 Summary of e-discussion
Page 223 and 224: 200 Appendix 6 caveats to be consid
Page 225 and 226: 202 Appendix 6 political opportunit
Page 227 and 228: 204 Appendix 6 investment in infras
Page 229 and 230: 206 Appendix 6 does not lower women
Page 231 and 232: 208 Appendix 6 • Conduct public a
Page 233 and 234: 210 Appendix 6 women—hardly a gen
Page 235 and 236: 212 Appendix 6 commented on gender-
Page 237 and 238: 214 Appendix 6 clear is the extent
Page 239 and 240: 216 Notes from many different count
Page 241 and 242: 218 Notes 5. A condition of such ow
Page 243 and 244: 220 Notes 14. The pension is paid o
Page 245 and 246: 222 Notes Chapter 11 1. Using data
Page 247 and 248: References Aboim, M. 2002. “Brazi
Page 249 and 250: 226 References Aromolaran, A. 2002.
Page 251 and 252: 228 References Bid, P., R. Nanavaty
Page 253 and 254: 230 References Case, A., and A. Dea
Page 255 and 256: 232 References ———. 2001. Emp
Page 257 and 258: 234 References Floro, M. 1995. “E
Page 259 and 260: 236 References Harding, S. 1996.
Page 261 and 262: 238 References ———. 2000. “
Page 263 and 264: 240 References Kaufmann, D., A. Kra
Page 265 and 266: 242 References son-Kuhn, and J. Haa
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244 References Mladjenvoic, L., and
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246 References Ostro, B. J., M. San
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248 References Rehn, E., and E. Joh
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250 References Global Technical Con
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252 References UNAIDS. 2003a. Acces
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254 References United Nations Secre
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256 References ———. 1999. “
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