Taking action: achieving gender equality and empowering women

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Reduce gender inequality in employment 103 and the sex-disaggregated indicators it proposes for monitoring country performance make it suitable for tracking a country’s progress toward eliminating gender inequalities in labor markets. The task force recommends that the International Labour Organization be given the resources and authority to take the leadership in collecting and disseminating data and monitoring progress for this initiative.
Chapter 8 Increase women’s representation in political bodies Ensuring that women can participate in decisionmaking in all political arenas on equal footing with men is crucial for meeting Goal 3. Some countries have made noticeable progress on women’s representation in political bodies since 1991. Their experience suggests that gender quotas and reservations are effective for increasing women’s representation in national and local legislatures. Strong women’s movements and government policies that reduce women’s multiple burdens can also facilitate women’s political participation. Why women’s increased political representation is a priority Increasing women’s representation in political office is now a widely held development goal and one of the four indicators for tracking progress toward Goal 3. 1 The Beijing Platform for Action recommended that governments set a target reserving 30 percent of seats in national parliaments for women. A target of 30 percent is only a first step toward gender equality in political participation, because true gender equality and empowerment requires 50 percent representation by women and the agency to shape decisions and outcomes. There are three reasons why the task force selected political participation as a strategic priority. First, equality of opportunity in politics is a human right. Moreover, countries where women’s share of seats in political bodies is less than 30 percent are less inclusive, less egalitarian, and less democratic. Second, equality of political participation is important to ensure that women’s interests are fairly represented in decisionmaking. Evidence suggests that women who participate directly in decisionmaking bodies press for different priorities than those emphasized by men. Women are often more active in supporting laws benefiting women, children, and families. The likelihood that women will promote such laws rises when there is a critical mass of women leaders and when there are mechanisms to institutionalize collective action
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The UN Millennium Project is an ind
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Task Force on Hunger Halving hunger
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Foreword The world has an unprecede
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Contents Foreword iii Task force me
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Contents vii Chapter 12 Making it h
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Contents ix 4.1 HIV prevalence rate
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Task force members Task force coord
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Preface At the Millennium Summit in
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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Abbreviations AGI CEDAW CRC DALY DD
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Millennium Development Goals xix
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2 Executive summary Achieving Goal
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4 Executive summary Gender inequali
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6 Executive summary Sexual and repr
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8 Executive summary The time spent
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10 Executive summary Several types
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12 Executive summary Employmentenha
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14 Executive summary Gender quotas
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16 Executive summary Infrastructure
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18 Executive summary Box 1 Proposed
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20 Executive summary A transformati
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22 Executive summary Women’s orga
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24 Executive summary The internatio
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26 Executive summary The next 10 ye
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28 Chapter 1 Genuine equality means
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Chapter 2 Task force perspective on
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32 Chapter 2 Box 2.2 Achieving the
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34 Chapter 2 The task force believe
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Chapter 3 Strengthen opportunities
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38 Chapter 3 Higher levels of educa
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40 Chapter 3 Female education can r
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42 Chapter 3 All regions except Sou
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44 Chapter 3 Table 3.4 Primary scho
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46 Chapter 3 Table 3.7 Enrollment r
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48 Chapter 3 Scholarship programs h
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50 Chapter 3 Decreasing the distanc
Page 75 and 76: 52 Chapter 3 Support to literacy pr
Page 77 and 78: 54 Chapter 4 Sexual and reproductiv
Page 79 and 80: 56 Chapter 4 At the end of 2004 abo
Page 81 and 82: 58 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Rates of ea
Page 83 and 84: 60 Chapter 4 Interventions to impro
Page 85 and 86: 62 Chapter 4 A critical priority is
Page 87 and 88: 64 Chapter 4 Schools can provide li
Page 89 and 90: Chapter 5 Invest in infrastructure
Page 91 and 92: 68 Chapter 5 Figure 5.2 Women are t
Page 93 and 94: 70 Chapter 5 Taking women’s perce
Page 95 and 96: 72 Chapter 5 Cost is often a constr
Page 97 and 98: 74 Chapter 5 and Elson 1995). If us
Page 99 and 100: 76 Chapter 6 Effective land rights
Page 101 and 102: 78 Chapter 6 Gathering systematic e
Page 103 and 104: 80 Chapter 6 In Sub-Saharan Africa
Page 105 and 106: 82 Chapter 6 Land markets have been
Page 107 and 108: 84 Chapter 6 and recording women’
Page 109 and 110: 86 Chapter 6 At the international l
Page 111 and 112: Chapter 7 Reduce gender inequality
Page 113 and 114: 90 Chapter 7 In only 17 of 110 coun
Page 115 and 116: 92 Chapter 7 Table 7.3 Female share
Page 117 and 118: 94 Chapter 7 Gender gaps in earning
Page 119 and 120: 96 Chapter 7 An important strategy
Page 121 and 122: 98 Chapter 7 For poor women, public
Page 123 and 124: 100 Chapter 7 Many developed and de
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Page 129 and 130: 106 Chapter 8 Only 14 countries hav
Page 131 and 132: 108 Chapter 8 Experience offers fou
Page 133 and 134: Chapter 9 Combat violence against w
Page 135 and 136: 112 Chapter 9 Surveys often find th
Page 137 and 138: 114 Chapter 9 The economic, social,
Page 139 and 140: 116 Chapter 9 Interventions for com
Page 141 and 142: 118 Chapter 9 Communities play an i
Page 143 and 144: 120 Chapter 9 Box 9.1 Mainstreaming
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 10 Data and indicators for
Page 147 and 148: 124 Chapter 10 Box 10.1 Proposed in
Page 149 and 150: 126 Chapter 10 The task force recom
Page 151 and 152: 128 Chapter 10 Improving countries
Page 153 and 154: Chapter 11 The financial costs of i
Page 155 and 156: 132 Chapter 11 A gender needs asses
Page 157 and 158: 134 Chapter 11 empower women. For e
Page 159 and 160: 136 Chapter 11 costs of setting up
Page 161 and 162: Chapter 12 Making it happen Althoug
Page 163 and 164: 140 Chapter 12 Gender analysis invo
Page 165 and 166: 142 Chapter 12 Through legislation,
Page 167 and 168: 144 Chapter 12 The reporting obliga
Page 169 and 170: 146 Chapter 12 Box 12.2 Cambodia: t
Page 171 and 172: 148 Chapter 12 Box 12.3 Chile: the
Page 173 and 174: 150 Chapter 12 Box 12.5 South Afric
Page 175 and 176: 152 Chapter 12 Poverty reduction st
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154 Chapter 12 The next 10 years pr
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156 Appendix 1 illiterate, while th
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158 Appendix 1 Box A1.1 Regional cl
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160 Appendix 1 Table A1.3 Country p
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162 Appendix 1 are likely to fall b
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164 Appendix 1 Table A1.7 Female an
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174 Appendix 1 Table A1.10 Adult fe
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176 Appendix 1 Table A1.10 Adult fe
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Appendix 2 Reproductive health stat
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Appendix 3 Employment statistics Ta
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182 Appendix 3 Table A3.2 Maternity
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184 Appendix 3 Table A3.2 Maternity
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186 Appendix 3 Table A3.3 Women’s
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188 Appendix 3 Table A3.3 Women’s
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190 Appendix 4 Table A4.1 Share of
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192 Appendix 4 Table A4.3 Results o
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Appendix 6 Summary of e-discussion
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200 Appendix 6 caveats to be consid
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202 Appendix 6 political opportunit
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204 Appendix 6 investment in infras
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206 Appendix 6 does not lower women
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208 Appendix 6 • Conduct public a
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210 Appendix 6 women—hardly a gen
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212 Appendix 6 commented on gender-
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214 Appendix 6 clear is the extent
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216 Notes from many different count
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218 Notes 5. A condition of such ow
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220 Notes 14. The pension is paid o
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222 Notes Chapter 11 1. Using data
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References Aboim, M. 2002. “Brazi
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226 References Aromolaran, A. 2002.
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228 References Bid, P., R. Nanavaty
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230 References Case, A., and A. Dea
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232 References ———. 2001. Emp
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234 References Floro, M. 1995. “E
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236 References Harding, S. 1996.
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238 References ———. 2000. “
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240 References Kaufmann, D., A. Kra
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242 References son-Kuhn, and J. Haa
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244 References Mladjenvoic, L., and
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246 References Ostro, B. J., M. San
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248 References Rehn, E., and E. Joh
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250 References Global Technical Con
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252 References UNAIDS. 2003a. Acces
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254 References United Nations Secre
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256 References ———. 1999. “
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