Taking action: achieving gender equality and empowering women

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Contents ix 4.1 HIV prevalence rate among population ages 15–49, 2004 56 4.2 Adolescent fertility rates by region, 1990–2000 59 5.1 Women’s time allocation in households with and without electricity, 1996 68 6.1 Distribution of landowners by sex in five Latin American countries, various years 78 6.2 Form of acquisition of land ownership, by sex in six Latin American countries 79 6.3 Status of legislation on women’s rights to land, housing, and property in five Sub-Saharan African countries, as of 2004 81 7.1 Share of women in nonagricultural wage employment, by region, 1990 and 2002 90 7.2 Informal employment in nonagricultural employment, by sex and region, 1994 and 2000 91 7.3 Female share in agricultural employment by region, 1990–95 to 1996–2001 92 8.1 Women’s political representation in selected federal countries, late 1990s 105 8.2 Share of women-held seats in national parliaments, 1990 and 2004 106 9.1 Percentage of women ages 15–49 who have experienced any violence since age 15, latest available data 113 9.2 Estimated cost of violence against women, selected countries and regions 115 9.3 Sector-level interventions to address gender-based violence 116 11.1 Estimated summary costs for promoting gender equality in Tajikistan, 2005–15 136 11.2 Estimated costs for promoting gender equality in Tajikistan by main activities, 2005–15 136 A1.1 Country predictions by region for female to male gross primary enrollment ratios, 2005 159 A1.2 Country predictions by region for female to male gross primary enrollment ratios, 2015 159 A1.3 Country predictions by region for female to male gross secondary enrollment ratios, 2005 160 A1.4 Country predictions by region for female to male gross secondary enrollment ratios, 2015 160 A1.5 Country predictions by region for female to male gross tertiary enrollment ratios, 2015 161 A1.6 Country predictions by region for ratio of literate females to males, aged 15–24, 2015 161 A1.7 Female and male gross primary enrollment rates and ratios, 1990 and 2000, and projections for 2005 and 2015 162
x A1.8 Female and male gross secondary enrollment rates and ratios, 1990 and 2000, and projections for 2005 and 2015 166 A1.9 Female and male gross tertiary enrollment rates and ratios, 1990 and 2000, and projections for 2005 and 2015 170 A1.10 Adult female and male (ages 15–24) literacy rates and ratios 1990 and 2003, and projections for 2015 174 A2.1 Unmet need for family planning, 1990–95 and 1996–2001 178 A3.1 Youth ages 15–24 unemployment rates, by sex, 1990 and 2000 180 A3.2 Maternity leave benefits as of 1998 181 A3.3 Women’s wage employment in nonagricultural sector as a share of total nonagricultural employment, 1990 and 2002 185 A4.1 Share of women in local decisionmaking bodies, latest available data 189 A4.2 Countries with gender quotas or reservations in legislative bodies, latest available data 191 A4.3 Results of quotas in legislative bodies, latest available data 192 A4.4 Share of women-held seats in national parliaments, 1990 and 2003 193 A5.1 Share of women in employment by type 197
Page 2 and 3: The UN Millennium Project is an ind
Page 4 and 5: Task Force on Hunger Halving hunger
Page 6 and 7: Foreword The world has an unprecede
Page 8 and 9: Contents Foreword iii Task force me
Page 10 and 11: Contents vii Chapter 12 Making it h
Page 14 and 15: Task force members Task force coord
Page 16 and 17: Preface At the Millennium Summit in
Page 18 and 19: Acknowledgments The authors would l
Page 20 and 21: Abbreviations AGI CEDAW CRC DALY DD
Page 22: Millennium Development Goals xix
Page 25 and 26: 2 Executive summary Achieving Goal
Page 27 and 28: 4 Executive summary Gender inequali
Page 29 and 30: 6 Executive summary Sexual and repr
Page 31 and 32: 8 Executive summary The time spent
Page 33 and 34: 10 Executive summary Several types
Page 35 and 36: 12 Executive summary Employmentenha
Page 37 and 38: 14 Executive summary Gender quotas
Page 39 and 40: 16 Executive summary Infrastructure
Page 41 and 42: 18 Executive summary Box 1 Proposed
Page 43 and 44: 20 Executive summary A transformati
Page 45 and 46: 22 Executive summary Women’s orga
Page 47 and 48: 24 Executive summary The internatio
Page 49 and 50: 26 Executive summary The next 10 ye
Page 51 and 52: 28 Chapter 1 Genuine equality means
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 2 Task force perspective on
Page 55 and 56: 32 Chapter 2 Box 2.2 Achieving the
Page 57 and 58: 34 Chapter 2 The task force believe
Page 59 and 60: Chapter 3 Strengthen opportunities
Page 61 and 62: 38 Chapter 3 Higher levels of educa
Page 63 and 64:
40 Chapter 3 Female education can r
Page 65 and 66:
42 Chapter 3 All regions except Sou
Page 67 and 68:
44 Chapter 3 Table 3.4 Primary scho
Page 69 and 70:
46 Chapter 3 Table 3.7 Enrollment r
Page 71 and 72:
48 Chapter 3 Scholarship programs h
Page 73 and 74:
50 Chapter 3 Decreasing the distanc
Page 75 and 76:
52 Chapter 3 Support to literacy pr
Page 77 and 78:
54 Chapter 4 Sexual and reproductiv
Page 79 and 80:
56 Chapter 4 At the end of 2004 abo
Page 81 and 82:
58 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Rates of ea
Page 83 and 84:
60 Chapter 4 Interventions to impro
Page 85 and 86:
62 Chapter 4 A critical priority is
Page 87 and 88:
64 Chapter 4 Schools can provide li
Page 89 and 90:
Chapter 5 Invest in infrastructure
Page 91 and 92:
68 Chapter 5 Figure 5.2 Women are t
Page 93 and 94:
70 Chapter 5 Taking women’s perce
Page 95 and 96:
72 Chapter 5 Cost is often a constr
Page 97 and 98:
74 Chapter 5 and Elson 1995). If us
Page 99 and 100:
76 Chapter 6 Effective land rights
Page 101 and 102:
78 Chapter 6 Gathering systematic e
Page 103 and 104:
80 Chapter 6 In Sub-Saharan Africa
Page 105 and 106:
82 Chapter 6 Land markets have been
Page 107 and 108:
84 Chapter 6 and recording women’
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86 Chapter 6 At the international l
Page 111 and 112:
Chapter 7 Reduce gender inequality
Page 113 and 114:
90 Chapter 7 In only 17 of 110 coun
Page 115 and 116:
92 Chapter 7 Table 7.3 Female share
Page 117 and 118:
94 Chapter 7 Gender gaps in earning
Page 119 and 120:
96 Chapter 7 An important strategy
Page 121 and 122:
98 Chapter 7 For poor women, public
Page 123 and 124:
100 Chapter 7 Many developed and de
Page 125 and 126:
102 Chapter 7 Decent, productive wo
Page 127 and 128:
Chapter 8 Increase women’s repres
Page 129 and 130:
106 Chapter 8 Only 14 countries hav
Page 131 and 132:
108 Chapter 8 Experience offers fou
Page 133 and 134:
Chapter 9 Combat violence against w
Page 135 and 136:
112 Chapter 9 Surveys often find th
Page 137 and 138:
114 Chapter 9 The economic, social,
Page 139 and 140:
116 Chapter 9 Interventions for com
Page 141 and 142:
118 Chapter 9 Communities play an i
Page 143 and 144:
120 Chapter 9 Box 9.1 Mainstreaming
Page 145 and 146:
Chapter 10 Data and indicators for
Page 147 and 148:
124 Chapter 10 Box 10.1 Proposed in
Page 149 and 150:
126 Chapter 10 The task force recom
Page 151 and 152:
128 Chapter 10 Improving countries
Page 153 and 154:
Chapter 11 The financial costs of i
Page 155 and 156:
132 Chapter 11 A gender needs asses
Page 157 and 158:
134 Chapter 11 empower women. For e
Page 159 and 160:
136 Chapter 11 costs of setting up
Page 161 and 162:
Chapter 12 Making it happen Althoug
Page 163 and 164:
140 Chapter 12 Gender analysis invo
Page 165 and 166:
142 Chapter 12 Through legislation,
Page 167 and 168:
144 Chapter 12 The reporting obliga
Page 169 and 170:
146 Chapter 12 Box 12.2 Cambodia: t
Page 171 and 172:
148 Chapter 12 Box 12.3 Chile: the
Page 173 and 174:
150 Chapter 12 Box 12.5 South Afric
Page 175 and 176:
152 Chapter 12 Poverty reduction st
Page 177 and 178:
154 Chapter 12 The next 10 years pr
Page 179 and 180:
156 Appendix 1 illiterate, while th
Page 181 and 182:
158 Appendix 1 Box A1.1 Regional cl
Page 183 and 184:
160 Appendix 1 Table A1.3 Country p
Page 185 and 186:
162 Appendix 1 are likely to fall b
Page 187 and 188:
164 Appendix 1 Table A1.7 Female an
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Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
174 Appendix 1 Table A1.10 Adult fe
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176 Appendix 1 Table A1.10 Adult fe
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Appendix 2 Reproductive health stat
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Appendix 3 Employment statistics Ta
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182 Appendix 3 Table A3.2 Maternity
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184 Appendix 3 Table A3.2 Maternity
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186 Appendix 3 Table A3.3 Women’s
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188 Appendix 3 Table A3.3 Women’s
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190 Appendix 4 Table A4.1 Share of
Page 215 and 216:
192 Appendix 4 Table A4.3 Results o
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Appendix 6 Summary of e-discussion
Page 223 and 224:
200 Appendix 6 caveats to be consid
Page 225 and 226:
202 Appendix 6 political opportunit
Page 227 and 228:
204 Appendix 6 investment in infras
Page 229 and 230:
206 Appendix 6 does not lower women
Page 231 and 232:
208 Appendix 6 • Conduct public a
Page 233 and 234:
210 Appendix 6 women—hardly a gen
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212 Appendix 6 commented on gender-
Page 237 and 238:
214 Appendix 6 clear is the extent
Page 239 and 240:
216 Notes from many different count
Page 241 and 242:
218 Notes 5. A condition of such ow
Page 243 and 244:
220 Notes 14. The pension is paid o
Page 245 and 246:
222 Notes Chapter 11 1. Using data
Page 247 and 248:
References Aboim, M. 2002. “Brazi
Page 249 and 250:
226 References Aromolaran, A. 2002.
Page 251 and 252:
228 References Bid, P., R. Nanavaty
Page 253 and 254:
230 References Case, A., and A. Dea
Page 255 and 256:
232 References ———. 2001. Emp
Page 257 and 258:
234 References Floro, M. 1995. “E
Page 259 and 260:
236 References Harding, S. 1996.
Page 261 and 262:
238 References ———. 2000. “
Page 263 and 264:
240 References Kaufmann, D., A. Kra
Page 265 and 266:
242 References son-Kuhn, and J. Haa
Page 267 and 268:
244 References Mladjenvoic, L., and
Page 269 and 270:
246 References Ostro, B. J., M. San
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248 References Rehn, E., and E. Joh
Page 273 and 274:
250 References Global Technical Con
Page 275 and 276:
252 References UNAIDS. 2003a. Acces
Page 277 and 278:
254 References United Nations Secre
Page 279 and 280:
256 References ———. 1999. “
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