Taking action: achieving gender equality and empowering women

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Foreword The world has an unprecedented opportunity to improve the lives of billions of people by adopting practical approaches to meeting the Millennium Development Goals. At the request of the UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, the UN Millennium Project has identified practical strategies to eradicate poverty by scaling up investments in infrastructure and human capital while promoting gender equality and environmental sustainability. These strategies are described in the UN Millennium Project’s report Investing in Development: A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals, which was coauthored by the coordinators of the UN Millennium Project task forces. The task forces have identified the interventions and policy measures needed to achieve each of the Goals. In Taking Action: Achieving Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women, the Task Force on Education and Gender Equality underscores the need to place women’s empowerment at the center of development plans—an emphasis that is shared by Investing in Development. There can be no development, and no lasting peace on the planet, if women continue to be relegated to subservient and often dangerous and back-breaking roles in society. This report explains why gender equality is vital for achieving all of the Millennium Development Goals. Women carry the brunt of poverty. They support and care for their families. They sustain life by collecting food, fuel, and water. It is time for development practice not only to honor those life-sustaining roles, but to promote women’s rights, empowerment, and leadership actively at the center of economic development. This report shows how to do this in practical terms. It argues persuasively for policies and actions to guarantee universal access to sexual and reproductive health and rights, invest in infrastructure to reduce women’s time and work burdens, guarantee women’s and girls’ property and inheritance rights, reduce gender gaps in employment and wages,
iv Foreword increase women’s political participation, and combat violence against women. Taking Action presents compelling evidence and sound analysis to show that these priorities are essential and achievable. This report was prepared by a group of leading experts who contributed in their personal capacity and generously volunteered their time to this important task. I am very grateful for their thorough and skilled efforts, and I am sure that the practical options for action in this report will make an important contribution to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. I strongly recommend this remarkable report to all and look forward to the implementation of its wise and valuable recommendations. Jeffrey D. Sachs New York January 17, 2005
Page 2 and 3: The UN Millennium Project is an ind
Page 4 and 5: Task Force on Hunger Halving hunger
Page 8 and 9: Contents Foreword iii Task force me
Page 10 and 11: Contents vii Chapter 12 Making it h
Page 12 and 13: Contents ix 4.1 HIV prevalence rate
Page 14 and 15: Task force members Task force coord
Page 16 and 17: Preface At the Millennium Summit in
Page 18 and 19: Acknowledgments The authors would l
Page 20 and 21: Abbreviations AGI CEDAW CRC DALY DD
Page 22: Millennium Development Goals xix
Page 25 and 26: 2 Executive summary Achieving Goal
Page 27 and 28: 4 Executive summary Gender inequali
Page 29 and 30: 6 Executive summary Sexual and repr
Page 31 and 32: 8 Executive summary The time spent
Page 33 and 34: 10 Executive summary Several types
Page 35 and 36: 12 Executive summary Employmentenha
Page 37 and 38: 14 Executive summary Gender quotas
Page 39 and 40: 16 Executive summary Infrastructure
Page 41 and 42: 18 Executive summary Box 1 Proposed
Page 43 and 44: 20 Executive summary A transformati
Page 45 and 46: 22 Executive summary Women’s orga
Page 47 and 48: 24 Executive summary The internatio
Page 49 and 50: 26 Executive summary The next 10 ye
Page 51 and 52: 28 Chapter 1 Genuine equality means
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 2 Task force perspective on
Page 55 and 56: 32 Chapter 2 Box 2.2 Achieving the
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34 Chapter 2 The task force believe
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Chapter 3 Strengthen opportunities
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38 Chapter 3 Higher levels of educa
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40 Chapter 3 Female education can r
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42 Chapter 3 All regions except Sou
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44 Chapter 3 Table 3.4 Primary scho
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46 Chapter 3 Table 3.7 Enrollment r
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48 Chapter 3 Scholarship programs h
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50 Chapter 3 Decreasing the distanc
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52 Chapter 3 Support to literacy pr
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54 Chapter 4 Sexual and reproductiv
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56 Chapter 4 At the end of 2004 abo
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58 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Rates of ea
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60 Chapter 4 Interventions to impro
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62 Chapter 4 A critical priority is
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64 Chapter 4 Schools can provide li
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Chapter 5 Invest in infrastructure
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68 Chapter 5 Figure 5.2 Women are t
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70 Chapter 5 Taking women’s perce
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72 Chapter 5 Cost is often a constr
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74 Chapter 5 and Elson 1995). If us
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76 Chapter 6 Effective land rights
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78 Chapter 6 Gathering systematic e
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80 Chapter 6 In Sub-Saharan Africa
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82 Chapter 6 Land markets have been
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84 Chapter 6 and recording women’
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86 Chapter 6 At the international l
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Chapter 7 Reduce gender inequality
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90 Chapter 7 In only 17 of 110 coun
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92 Chapter 7 Table 7.3 Female share
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94 Chapter 7 Gender gaps in earning
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96 Chapter 7 An important strategy
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98 Chapter 7 For poor women, public
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100 Chapter 7 Many developed and de
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102 Chapter 7 Decent, productive wo
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Chapter 8 Increase women’s repres
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106 Chapter 8 Only 14 countries hav
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108 Chapter 8 Experience offers fou
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Chapter 9 Combat violence against w
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112 Chapter 9 Surveys often find th
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114 Chapter 9 The economic, social,
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116 Chapter 9 Interventions for com
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118 Chapter 9 Communities play an i
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120 Chapter 9 Box 9.1 Mainstreaming
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Chapter 10 Data and indicators for
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124 Chapter 10 Box 10.1 Proposed in
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126 Chapter 10 The task force recom
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128 Chapter 10 Improving countries
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Chapter 11 The financial costs of i
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132 Chapter 11 A gender needs asses
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134 Chapter 11 empower women. For e
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136 Chapter 11 costs of setting up
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Chapter 12 Making it happen Althoug
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140 Chapter 12 Gender analysis invo
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142 Chapter 12 Through legislation,
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144 Chapter 12 The reporting obliga
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146 Chapter 12 Box 12.2 Cambodia: t
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148 Chapter 12 Box 12.3 Chile: the
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150 Chapter 12 Box 12.5 South Afric
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152 Chapter 12 Poverty reduction st
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154 Chapter 12 The next 10 years pr
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156 Appendix 1 illiterate, while th
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158 Appendix 1 Box A1.1 Regional cl
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160 Appendix 1 Table A1.3 Country p
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162 Appendix 1 are likely to fall b
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164 Appendix 1 Table A1.7 Female an
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174 Appendix 1 Table A1.10 Adult fe
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176 Appendix 1 Table A1.10 Adult fe
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Appendix 2 Reproductive health stat
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Appendix 3 Employment statistics Ta
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182 Appendix 3 Table A3.2 Maternity
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184 Appendix 3 Table A3.2 Maternity
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186 Appendix 3 Table A3.3 Women’s
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188 Appendix 3 Table A3.3 Women’s
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190 Appendix 4 Table A4.1 Share of
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192 Appendix 4 Table A4.3 Results o
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Appendix 6 Summary of e-discussion
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200 Appendix 6 caveats to be consid
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202 Appendix 6 political opportunit
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204 Appendix 6 investment in infras
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206 Appendix 6 does not lower women
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208 Appendix 6 • Conduct public a
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210 Appendix 6 women—hardly a gen
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212 Appendix 6 commented on gender-
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214 Appendix 6 clear is the extent
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216 Notes from many different count
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218 Notes 5. A condition of such ow
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220 Notes 14. The pension is paid o
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222 Notes Chapter 11 1. Using data
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References Aboim, M. 2002. “Brazi
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226 References Aromolaran, A. 2002.
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228 References Bid, P., R. Nanavaty
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230 References Case, A., and A. Dea
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232 References ———. 2001. Emp
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234 References Floro, M. 1995. “E
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236 References Harding, S. 1996.
Page 261 and 262:
238 References ———. 2000. “
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240 References Kaufmann, D., A. Kra
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242 References son-Kuhn, and J. Haa
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244 References Mladjenvoic, L., and
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246 References Ostro, B. J., M. San
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248 References Rehn, E., and E. Joh
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250 References Global Technical Con
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252 References UNAIDS. 2003a. Acces
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254 References United Nations Secre
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256 References ———. 1999. “
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