Taking action: achieving gender equality and empowering women

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Acknowledgments The authors would like to express thanks to the following individuals. Kavita Sethuraman (International Center for Research on Women), Ruth Levine (Center for Global Development), Chandrika Bahadur (UN Millennium Project), Mayra Buvinic (Inter-American Development Bank), Karen Mason (World Bank), Diane Elson (University of Essex), Christopher Colclough (University of Cambridge), Joanne Sandler (United Nations Development Fund for Women), Carolyn Hannan (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs), and Akanksha Marphatia (ActionAid International) prepared analysis and material used in several chapters. In addition, the report has adapted material, as indicated, from papers by Carmen Barroso and Francoise Girard, Mala Htun, Vijay Modi, Joann Vanek, and Caroline Moser and Annalise Moser. The task force gratefully acknowledges the assistance of Suzan Atwood and Elizabeth Nicoletti in the production of the background paper, interim report, and final report. Nata Duvvury and Hema Swaminathan, and members of the Task Force on Education and Gender Equality provided valuable input into and comments on various drafts. The report was edited and produced by Meta de Coquereaumont, Bruce Ross-Larson, Mary Goundrey, Thomas Roncoli, Christopher Trott, and Elaine Wilson of Communications Development Incorporated. The task force gratefully acknowledges constructive comments from participants in an online consultation facilitated by ActionAid International (appendix 6) and feedback from participants at numerous conferences and workshops at which earlier drafts of this report were presented. The UN Commission on the Status of Women, the United Nations Development Fund for Women, the United Nations Development Programme, the Asian Development Bank, the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, the Economic Commission for Latin American and the Caribbean, the Commonwealth Secretariat,
xvi Acknowledgments the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development/Development Assistance Committee, Interaction, the University of Utah, American University, and the International Association for Feminist Economics all generously provided opportunities for task force members to present and discuss the ideas in this report with a broader audience.
Page 2 and 3: The UN Millennium Project is an ind
Page 4 and 5: Task Force on Hunger Halving hunger
Page 6 and 7: Foreword The world has an unprecede
Page 8 and 9: Contents Foreword iii Task force me
Page 10 and 11: Contents vii Chapter 12 Making it h
Page 12 and 13: Contents ix 4.1 HIV prevalence rate
Page 14 and 15: Task force members Task force coord
Page 16 and 17: Preface At the Millennium Summit in
Page 20 and 21: Abbreviations AGI CEDAW CRC DALY DD
Page 22: Millennium Development Goals xix
Page 25 and 26: 2 Executive summary Achieving Goal
Page 27 and 28: 4 Executive summary Gender inequali
Page 29 and 30: 6 Executive summary Sexual and repr
Page 31 and 32: 8 Executive summary The time spent
Page 33 and 34: 10 Executive summary Several types
Page 35 and 36: 12 Executive summary Employmentenha
Page 37 and 38: 14 Executive summary Gender quotas
Page 39 and 40: 16 Executive summary Infrastructure
Page 41 and 42: 18 Executive summary Box 1 Proposed
Page 43 and 44: 20 Executive summary A transformati
Page 45 and 46: 22 Executive summary Women’s orga
Page 47 and 48: 24 Executive summary The internatio
Page 49 and 50: 26 Executive summary The next 10 ye
Page 51 and 52: 28 Chapter 1 Genuine equality means
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 2 Task force perspective on
Page 55 and 56: 32 Chapter 2 Box 2.2 Achieving the
Page 57 and 58: 34 Chapter 2 The task force believe
Page 59 and 60: Chapter 3 Strengthen opportunities
Page 61 and 62: 38 Chapter 3 Higher levels of educa
Page 63 and 64: 40 Chapter 3 Female education can r
Page 65 and 66: 42 Chapter 3 All regions except Sou
Page 67 and 68: 44 Chapter 3 Table 3.4 Primary scho
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46 Chapter 3 Table 3.7 Enrollment r
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48 Chapter 3 Scholarship programs h
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50 Chapter 3 Decreasing the distanc
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52 Chapter 3 Support to literacy pr
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54 Chapter 4 Sexual and reproductiv
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56 Chapter 4 At the end of 2004 abo
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58 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Rates of ea
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60 Chapter 4 Interventions to impro
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62 Chapter 4 A critical priority is
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64 Chapter 4 Schools can provide li
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Chapter 5 Invest in infrastructure
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68 Chapter 5 Figure 5.2 Women are t
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70 Chapter 5 Taking women’s perce
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72 Chapter 5 Cost is often a constr
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74 Chapter 5 and Elson 1995). If us
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76 Chapter 6 Effective land rights
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78 Chapter 6 Gathering systematic e
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80 Chapter 6 In Sub-Saharan Africa
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82 Chapter 6 Land markets have been
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84 Chapter 6 and recording women’
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86 Chapter 6 At the international l
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Chapter 7 Reduce gender inequality
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90 Chapter 7 In only 17 of 110 coun
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92 Chapter 7 Table 7.3 Female share
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94 Chapter 7 Gender gaps in earning
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96 Chapter 7 An important strategy
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98 Chapter 7 For poor women, public
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100 Chapter 7 Many developed and de
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102 Chapter 7 Decent, productive wo
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Chapter 8 Increase women’s repres
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106 Chapter 8 Only 14 countries hav
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108 Chapter 8 Experience offers fou
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Chapter 9 Combat violence against w
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112 Chapter 9 Surveys often find th
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114 Chapter 9 The economic, social,
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116 Chapter 9 Interventions for com
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118 Chapter 9 Communities play an i
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120 Chapter 9 Box 9.1 Mainstreaming
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Chapter 10 Data and indicators for
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124 Chapter 10 Box 10.1 Proposed in
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126 Chapter 10 The task force recom
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128 Chapter 10 Improving countries
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Chapter 11 The financial costs of i
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132 Chapter 11 A gender needs asses
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134 Chapter 11 empower women. For e
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136 Chapter 11 costs of setting up
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Chapter 12 Making it happen Althoug
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140 Chapter 12 Gender analysis invo
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142 Chapter 12 Through legislation,
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144 Chapter 12 The reporting obliga
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146 Chapter 12 Box 12.2 Cambodia: t
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148 Chapter 12 Box 12.3 Chile: the
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150 Chapter 12 Box 12.5 South Afric
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152 Chapter 12 Poverty reduction st
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154 Chapter 12 The next 10 years pr
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156 Appendix 1 illiterate, while th
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158 Appendix 1 Box A1.1 Regional cl
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160 Appendix 1 Table A1.3 Country p
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162 Appendix 1 are likely to fall b
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164 Appendix 1 Table A1.7 Female an
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174 Appendix 1 Table A1.10 Adult fe
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176 Appendix 1 Table A1.10 Adult fe
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Appendix 2 Reproductive health stat
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Appendix 3 Employment statistics Ta
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182 Appendix 3 Table A3.2 Maternity
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184 Appendix 3 Table A3.2 Maternity
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186 Appendix 3 Table A3.3 Women’s
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188 Appendix 3 Table A3.3 Women’s
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190 Appendix 4 Table A4.1 Share of
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192 Appendix 4 Table A4.3 Results o
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Appendix 6 Summary of e-discussion
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200 Appendix 6 caveats to be consid
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202 Appendix 6 political opportunit
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204 Appendix 6 investment in infras
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206 Appendix 6 does not lower women
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208 Appendix 6 • Conduct public a
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210 Appendix 6 women—hardly a gen
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212 Appendix 6 commented on gender-
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214 Appendix 6 clear is the extent
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216 Notes from many different count
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218 Notes 5. A condition of such ow
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220 Notes 14. The pension is paid o
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222 Notes Chapter 11 1. Using data
Page 247 and 248:
References Aboim, M. 2002. “Brazi
Page 249 and 250:
226 References Aromolaran, A. 2002.
Page 251 and 252:
228 References Bid, P., R. Nanavaty
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230 References Case, A., and A. Dea
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232 References ———. 2001. Emp
Page 257 and 258:
234 References Floro, M. 1995. “E
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236 References Harding, S. 1996.
Page 261 and 262:
238 References ———. 2000. “
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240 References Kaufmann, D., A. Kra
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242 References son-Kuhn, and J. Haa
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244 References Mladjenvoic, L., and
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246 References Ostro, B. J., M. San
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248 References Rehn, E., and E. Joh
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250 References Global Technical Con
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252 References UNAIDS. 2003a. Acces
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254 References United Nations Secre
Page 279 and 280:
256 References ———. 1999. “
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