Taking action: achieving gender equality and empowering women

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References 255 Whitehead, A. 2003. “Failing Women, Sustaining Poverty: Gender in Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers.” Report for the UK Gender and Development Network (GADN). GADN and Christian Aid, London. Whitehead, A., and N. Kabeer. 2001. “Living with Uncertainty: Gender, Livelihoods and Pro-Poor Growth in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa.” Institute of Development Studies Working Paper 134. University of Sussex, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, U.K. Whitehead, A., and D. Tsikata. 2003. “Discourses on Women’s Land Rights in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Implications of the Re-turn to the Customary.” Journal of Agrarian Change 3(1,2): 67–112. WHO (World Health Organization). 1996. “Violence against Women. WHO Consultation.” Geneva,. ———. 1997a. Coverage of Maternity Care: A Listing of Available Information. Document WHO/RHT/MSM/96.28. Geneva. ———. 1997b. “Violence against Women: A Priority Issue Information Pack.” Geneva. [Retrieved March 4, 2004 from www.who.int/gender/violence/vawpriority/en/]. ———. 1997c. “Unsafe Abortion: Global and Regional Estimates of Incidence of and Mortality Due to Unsafe Abortion.” WHO/RHT/MSM/97.16. Geneva. ———. 1998a. Female Genital Mutilation: A Joint WHO/UNICEF/UNFPA Statement. Geneva. ———. 1998b. “Progress in Reproductive Health Research #45.” Newsletter published by HRP (the UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction). Geneva. ———. 1999a. “WHO Multi-Country Study of Women’s Health and Domestic Violence: Core Protocol.” WHO/EIP/GPE/99.3. Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy, Geneva. ———. 2002a. “WHO Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence against Women.” Department of Gender and Women’s Health, Geneva. ———. 2002b. “World Report on Violence and Health.” Geneva. [www5.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/main.cfm?p=0000000117]. ———. 2003. Safe Abortion: Technical and Policy Guidance for Health Systems. Geneva. WHO/UNICEF/UNPFA. 2003. Maternal Mortality in 2000: Estimates Developed by WHO, UNICEF, and UNFPA. Geneva. WIEGO (Women in Informal Employment Globalizing and Organizing). 2001. Addressing Informality, Reducing Poverty: a Policy Response to the Informal Economy. Cambridge, Mass. ———. 2002. “Fact Sheets on Informal Economy.” [www.wiego.org]. Wisner, C. L., T. Gilmer, L. Saltzman, and T. Zink. 1999. “Intimate Partner Violence against Women: Do Victims Cost Health Plans More?” The Journal of Family Practice 48(6): 439–44. WISTAT (Women’s Indicators and Statistics). 1999. Wistat 4. New York. Database, Version 4. (United Nations Statistics Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs CD-ROM). Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children. 2002. UNHCR’s Policy on Refugee Women and Guidelines on their Protection: An Assessment of Ten Years of Implementation. New York. World Bank. 1993. World Development Report 1993: Investing in Health. New York City: Oxford University Press. ———. 1996. “Implementing the World Bank’s Gender Policies.” Progress Report 1. Washington, D.C.
256 References ———. 1999. “Gender and Transport: A Rationale for Action.” PREM Notes. Washington, D.C. ———. 2000. World Development Report 2000/01: Attacking Poverty. New York: Oxford University Press. ———. 2001a. Engendering Development through Gender Equality in Rights, Resources and Voice. Policy Research Report. New York: Oxford University Press. ———. 2001b. “Gender.” In Poverty Reduction Strategy Sourcebook. Washington, D.C. ———. 2002a. “Caribbean Youth Development: Issues and Policy Directions.” Washington, D.C. ———. 2002b. “Education for Dynamic Economies: Action Plan to Accelerate Progress towards Education for All.” Washington, D.C. ———. 2002c. “Integrating Gender into the World Bank’s Work: A Strategy for Action.” Washington, D.C. ———. 2002d. “Land Use Rights and Gender Equality in Vietnam.” Promising Approaches to Engendering Development Series #1. Washington, D.C. ———. 2003a. Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy. New York: Oxford University Press. ———. 2003b. “Empowerment through Mobilization of Poor Women on a Large Scale. Case Study on the Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA), India.” Washington, D.C. ———. 2003c. Gender Equality and the Millennium Development Goals. Washington, D.C. ———. 2003d. “Implementation of the Gender Mainstreaming Strategy: FY’02.” First Annual Monitoring Report. Washington, D.C. ———. 2003e. “The First Ghana Community Water and Sanitation Project: Poverty and Gender Issues.” Africa Region Findings 232. Washington, D.C. ———. 2003f. The Social Dimensions of Poverty Reduction: A World Bank Strategy for Social Development. Washington, D.C. ———. 2004a. “Implementing the Bank’s Gender Mainstreaming Strategy.” Second Annual Monitoring Report. Washington, D.C. ———. 2004b. “Rwanda Summary Gender Profile.” Washington, D.C. [Retrieved September 20, 2004, from www.worldbank.org/afr/gender/rwanda.pdf]. ———. 2004c. “South Africa Summary Gender Profile.” Washington, D.C. [Retrieved September 20, 2004, from www.worldbank.org/afr/gender/southafrica.pdf]. ———. 2004d. “The Marrakech Action Plan for Statistics: Better Data for Better Results—An Action Plan for Improving Development Statistics.” Paper presented at the Second International Roundtable on Managing for Development Results, February, Washington, D.C. ———. 2004e. “World Bank Chile Summary Gender Profile.” GenderStats Database of Gender Statistics. Washington, D.C. [Retrieved September 20, 2004, from http://devdata. worldbank.org/genderstats/genderRpt.asp?rpt=profile&cty=CHL,Chile&hm=home]. ———. 2004f. “World Development Indicators.” Washington, D.C. [http://devdata. worldbank.org/dataonline/]. Zarkov, D. 2001. “The Body of the Other Man: Sexual Violence and the Construction of Masculinity, Sexuality and Ethnicity in the Croatian Media.” In C. Moser and F. Clark, eds., Victims, Perpetrators or Actors? Gender, Armed Conflict and Political Violence. London: Zed Books. Zuckerman, E. 2001. “Why Engendering PRSPs Reduce Poverty and the Case of Rwanda.” Discussion Paper 2001/112. World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki.
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The UN Millennium Project is an ind
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Task Force on Hunger Halving hunger
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Foreword The world has an unprecede
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Contents Foreword iii Task force me
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Contents vii Chapter 12 Making it h
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Contents ix 4.1 HIV prevalence rate
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Task force members Task force coord
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Preface At the Millennium Summit in
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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Abbreviations AGI CEDAW CRC DALY DD
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Millennium Development Goals xix
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2 Executive summary Achieving Goal
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4 Executive summary Gender inequali
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6 Executive summary Sexual and repr
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8 Executive summary The time spent
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10 Executive summary Several types
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12 Executive summary Employmentenha
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14 Executive summary Gender quotas
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16 Executive summary Infrastructure
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18 Executive summary Box 1 Proposed
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20 Executive summary A transformati
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22 Executive summary Women’s orga
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24 Executive summary The internatio
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26 Executive summary The next 10 ye
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28 Chapter 1 Genuine equality means
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Chapter 2 Task force perspective on
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32 Chapter 2 Box 2.2 Achieving the
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34 Chapter 2 The task force believe
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Chapter 3 Strengthen opportunities
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38 Chapter 3 Higher levels of educa
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40 Chapter 3 Female education can r
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42 Chapter 3 All regions except Sou
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44 Chapter 3 Table 3.4 Primary scho
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46 Chapter 3 Table 3.7 Enrollment r
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48 Chapter 3 Scholarship programs h
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50 Chapter 3 Decreasing the distanc
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52 Chapter 3 Support to literacy pr
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54 Chapter 4 Sexual and reproductiv
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56 Chapter 4 At the end of 2004 abo
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58 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Rates of ea
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60 Chapter 4 Interventions to impro
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62 Chapter 4 A critical priority is
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64 Chapter 4 Schools can provide li
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Chapter 5 Invest in infrastructure
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68 Chapter 5 Figure 5.2 Women are t
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70 Chapter 5 Taking women’s perce
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72 Chapter 5 Cost is often a constr
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74 Chapter 5 and Elson 1995). If us
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76 Chapter 6 Effective land rights
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78 Chapter 6 Gathering systematic e
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80 Chapter 6 In Sub-Saharan Africa
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82 Chapter 6 Land markets have been
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84 Chapter 6 and recording women’
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86 Chapter 6 At the international l
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Chapter 7 Reduce gender inequality
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90 Chapter 7 In only 17 of 110 coun
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92 Chapter 7 Table 7.3 Female share
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94 Chapter 7 Gender gaps in earning
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96 Chapter 7 An important strategy
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98 Chapter 7 For poor women, public
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100 Chapter 7 Many developed and de
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102 Chapter 7 Decent, productive wo
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Chapter 8 Increase women’s repres
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106 Chapter 8 Only 14 countries hav
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108 Chapter 8 Experience offers fou
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Chapter 9 Combat violence against w
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112 Chapter 9 Surveys often find th
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114 Chapter 9 The economic, social,
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116 Chapter 9 Interventions for com
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118 Chapter 9 Communities play an i
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120 Chapter 9 Box 9.1 Mainstreaming
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Chapter 10 Data and indicators for
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124 Chapter 10 Box 10.1 Proposed in
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126 Chapter 10 The task force recom
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128 Chapter 10 Improving countries
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Chapter 11 The financial costs of i
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132 Chapter 11 A gender needs asses
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134 Chapter 11 empower women. For e
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136 Chapter 11 costs of setting up
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Chapter 12 Making it happen Althoug
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140 Chapter 12 Gender analysis invo
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142 Chapter 12 Through legislation,
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144 Chapter 12 The reporting obliga
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146 Chapter 12 Box 12.2 Cambodia: t
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148 Chapter 12 Box 12.3 Chile: the
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150 Chapter 12 Box 12.5 South Afric
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152 Chapter 12 Poverty reduction st
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154 Chapter 12 The next 10 years pr
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156 Appendix 1 illiterate, while th
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158 Appendix 1 Box A1.1 Regional cl
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160 Appendix 1 Table A1.3 Country p
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162 Appendix 1 are likely to fall b
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164 Appendix 1 Table A1.7 Female an
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174 Appendix 1 Table A1.10 Adult fe
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176 Appendix 1 Table A1.10 Adult fe
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Appendix 2 Reproductive health stat
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Appendix 3 Employment statistics Ta
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182 Appendix 3 Table A3.2 Maternity
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184 Appendix 3 Table A3.2 Maternity
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186 Appendix 3 Table A3.3 Women’s
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188 Appendix 3 Table A3.3 Women’s
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190 Appendix 4 Table A4.1 Share of
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192 Appendix 4 Table A4.3 Results o
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Appendix 6 Summary of e-discussion
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200 Appendix 6 caveats to be consid
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202 Appendix 6 political opportunit
Page 227 and 228: 204 Appendix 6 investment in infras
Page 229 and 230: 206 Appendix 6 does not lower women
Page 231 and 232: 208 Appendix 6 • Conduct public a
Page 233 and 234: 210 Appendix 6 women—hardly a gen
Page 235 and 236: 212 Appendix 6 commented on gender-
Page 237 and 238: 214 Appendix 6 clear is the extent
Page 239 and 240: 216 Notes from many different count
Page 241 and 242: 218 Notes 5. A condition of such ow
Page 243 and 244: 220 Notes 14. The pension is paid o
Page 245 and 246: 222 Notes Chapter 11 1. Using data
Page 247 and 248: References Aboim, M. 2002. “Brazi
Page 249 and 250: 226 References Aromolaran, A. 2002.
Page 251 and 252: 228 References Bid, P., R. Nanavaty
Page 253 and 254: 230 References Case, A., and A. Dea
Page 255 and 256: 232 References ———. 2001. Emp
Page 257 and 258: 234 References Floro, M. 1995. “E
Page 259 and 260: 236 References Harding, S. 1996.
Page 261 and 262: 238 References ———. 2000. “
Page 263 and 264: 240 References Kaufmann, D., A. Kra
Page 265 and 266: 242 References son-Kuhn, and J. Haa
Page 267 and 268: 244 References Mladjenvoic, L., and
Page 269 and 270: 246 References Ostro, B. J., M. San
Page 271 and 272: 248 References Rehn, E., and E. Joh
Page 273 and 274: 250 References Global Technical Con
Page 275 and 276: 252 References UNAIDS. 2003a. Acces
Page 277: 254 References United Nations Secre
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