Taking action: achieving gender equality and empowering women

68 Chapter 5
Figure 5.2
Women are the
primary collectors
of water
Hours spent and volume
collected by sex in Ghana
(1989), Tanzania (1989),
and Zambia (1991)
Note: “Other” hours and
“Other” volume include
children’s collection of water
and various combinations
of men’s, women’s, and
children’s collection efforts.
Source: Malmberg Calvo 1994.
Table 5.1
Women’s time
allocation in
households with
and without
electricity, 1996
Mean hours spent
a. Includes taking
meals, bathing, leisure,
sleeping, and so forth.
Source: Barnes and Sen
2003, based on Operations
Research Group (ORG)
Household Survey 1996.
Activity
Households
without electricity
Households with electricity
All
With television
Number of households 2,012 3,036 1,249
Collecting fuel 0.90 0.53 0.32
Fetching water 1.00 0.88 0.71
Cooking 2.93 2.58 2.53
Other housework 5.75 5.83 6.01
Earning income 1.86 1.93 1.38
Reading 0.03 0.20 0.32
Watching television 0.06 0.76 1.63
Other leisure a 10.49 10.46 10.42
Miscellaneous 0.52 0.72 0.60
Figure 5.3
Electricity means
more time to read
Hours per day spent
reading, 1996
Source: Barnes and Sen
2003, based on Energy Sector
Management Assistance
Programme survey 1996.