Taking action: achieving gender equality and empowering women

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Notes
Chapter 11
1. Using data on GNP, share of GNP spent on education, and the share of primary
education in public education, the study first computes initial public spending on primary
education. Then it calculates the necessary increase in public spending to achieve universal
primary education. The calculation takes into account the price elasticity of demand for
education for girls and boys and the price cut needed to increase demand and factors in the
estimated decline in private spending due to reduced prices. Finally, it includes a 9 percent
increase in program costs.
2. The interventions related to sexual and reproductive health that fall within the
health system are costed under the health sector needs assessment. The interventions here
are not costed in either the health or education sector needs assessments.
3. The government’s Working Group on Gender comprises focal points from each
ministry, the State Statistical Committee, the Committee on Women’s Affairs under the
Presidential Office, international agencies, and local women’s NGOs.
4. The overall sector needs assessments include the costs of reaching both men and
women.
5. These costs are primarily for setting up a functioning health system (doctor and
nurse recruitment, training and salaries, construction of hospitals, clinics and health
posts, purchase of supplies and drugs). The health system created under this plan would
be expected to provide the major interventions needed to achieve the child health and
maternal health Goal—interventions like family planning services, supervised delivery,
and emergency obstetric care.
6. The interventions that are not costed are: child and elderly care services, police
and medical services to address violence against women, legal redress, legal aid services,
registration systems, and data collection and monitoring systems.
7. Interventions related to community-based awareness campaigns for sexual and
reproductive health are assumed to reach 50 percent of the adult population by 2015. Also,
mass media campaigns are assumed to run one time each year to spread awareness about
sexual and reproductive rights as well as other economic and legal rights to end violence
against women. Finally, vocational training is targeted to reach 30 percent of the adolescent
female population out of school by 2015. School to work programs target 20 percent
of graduating female students. Support for women candidates will target 100 percent of
women candidates in national elections by 2015. In 2004, 50 percent of women were estimated
to be potential victims of domestic violence. Given this high degree of prevalence, a
reasonable assumption is that approximately 20 percent of potential victims will need the
full range of shelter services by 2015. Also by 2015, sensitization and training campaigns
will be targeted to 100 percent of judges, 10 percent of civil servants, and 20 percent of
the entire police force (UN Millennium Project 2004c). Finally, by 2015, each of the 18
ministries is targeted to have one gender focal point.
8. This analysis assumes a linear scaling up of costs from 2005 to 2015. The analysis
focuses on financial costing and calculates total costs as opposed to incremental costs.
It uses average unit costs and calculates both capital and recurrent costs for the 11-year
period. For more details, see Sachs and others 2004.
Chapter 12
1. For instance, one review of national women’s machineries suggested that those
placed within the president’s or prime minister’s office (such as in the Philippines and
Tonga), the planning ministry (such as in Chile), or the ministry of finance (such as in
Zambia) were most effective (Obang 1993).
2. Many countries have a strong legal framework, but few have adequate enforcement
mechanisms.