Taking action: achieving gender equality and empowering women

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Employment statistics 187 Table A3.3 Women’s wage employment in nonagricultural sector as a share of total nonagricultural employment, 1990 and 2002 (continued) Region and country 1990 2002 Panama 44.1 43.5 Paraguay 40.5 40.5 Peru 29.9 35.0 St. Kitts and Nevis — — St. Lucia — — St. Vincent and the Grenadines — — Suriname 39.1 33.2 Trinidad and Tobago 35.6 40.8 Uruguay 41.9 45.8 Venezuela 35.2 41.8 Middle East and North Africa Algeria 8.0 — Bahrain 7.3 12.5 Djibouti — — Egypt 20.5 20.3 Iraq 12.7 — Israel 43.0 48.7 Jordan 23.1 21.9 Kuwait 30.3 19.7 Lebanon 29.3 — Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 18.9 — Morocco 26.2 25.8 Oman 18.7 25.2 Palestinian Autonomous Territories 13.0 17.0 Qatar 17.2 13.8 Saudi Arabia 16.1 14.0 Sudan 22.2 14.7 Syrian Arab Republic 14.2 18.4 Tunisia 19.7 — United Arab Emirates 16.0 12.7 Yemen 8.9 5.8 South Asia Afghanistan 4.7 — Bangladesh 17.6 25.0 Bhutan 11.9 — India 12.7 17.5 Iran, Islamic Rep. 18.0 — Maldives 21.2 39.6 Nepal 11.7 — Pakistan 6.6 8.2 Sri Lanka 39.1 44.6 Sub-Saharan Africa Angola 34.6 — Benin 51.5 — Botswana 48.2 44.8 Burkina Faso 12.5 14.0 Burundi 9.9 — Cameroon 24.3 — Cape Verde 50.0 — Central African Republic 36.1 — Chad 3.8 — Comoros 16.1 — Congo, Dem. Rep. 32.2 — Congo, Rep. 32.5 —
188 Appendix 3 Table A3.3 Women’s wage employment in nonagricultural sector as a share of total nonagricultural employment, 1990 and 2002 (continued) Region and country 1990 2002 Côte d’Ivoire 22.9 19.6 Equatorial Guinea 13.3 — Eritrea — — Ethiopia — — Gabon 43.2 — Gambia 24.0 — Ghana 56.6 — Guinea 30.1 — Guinea-Bissau 10.5 — Kenya 21.4 37.6 Lesotho 40.4 — Liberia 28.3 — Madagascar 26.0 — Malawi 10.5 12.2 Mali 35.6 — Mauritania 43.3 — Mauritius 36.7 38.2 Mozambique 15.2 — Namibia 39.1 50.0 Niger — — Nigeria 36.4 — Rwanda 16.7 — São Tomé and Principe — — Senegal 28.1 — Seychelles — — Sierra Leone 32.1 — Somalia 27.6 — South Africa — — Swaziland 36.8 29.3 Tanzania, United Rep. 33.1 — Togo 46.6 — Uganda 43.2 — Zambia 36.1 — Zimbabwe 15.4 20.6
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The UN Millennium Project is an ind
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Task Force on Hunger Halving hunger
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Foreword The world has an unprecede
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Contents Foreword iii Task force me
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Contents vii Chapter 12 Making it h
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Contents ix 4.1 HIV prevalence rate
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Task force members Task force coord
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Preface At the Millennium Summit in
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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Abbreviations AGI CEDAW CRC DALY DD
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Millennium Development Goals xix
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2 Executive summary Achieving Goal
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4 Executive summary Gender inequali
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6 Executive summary Sexual and repr
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8 Executive summary The time spent
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10 Executive summary Several types
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12 Executive summary Employmentenha
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14 Executive summary Gender quotas
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16 Executive summary Infrastructure
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18 Executive summary Box 1 Proposed
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20 Executive summary A transformati
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22 Executive summary Women’s orga
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24 Executive summary The internatio
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26 Executive summary The next 10 ye
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28 Chapter 1 Genuine equality means
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Chapter 2 Task force perspective on
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32 Chapter 2 Box 2.2 Achieving the
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34 Chapter 2 The task force believe
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Chapter 3 Strengthen opportunities
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38 Chapter 3 Higher levels of educa
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40 Chapter 3 Female education can r
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42 Chapter 3 All regions except Sou
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44 Chapter 3 Table 3.4 Primary scho
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46 Chapter 3 Table 3.7 Enrollment r
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48 Chapter 3 Scholarship programs h
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50 Chapter 3 Decreasing the distanc
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52 Chapter 3 Support to literacy pr
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54 Chapter 4 Sexual and reproductiv
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56 Chapter 4 At the end of 2004 abo
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58 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Rates of ea
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60 Chapter 4 Interventions to impro
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62 Chapter 4 A critical priority is
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64 Chapter 4 Schools can provide li
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Chapter 5 Invest in infrastructure
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68 Chapter 5 Figure 5.2 Women are t
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70 Chapter 5 Taking women’s perce
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72 Chapter 5 Cost is often a constr
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74 Chapter 5 and Elson 1995). If us
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76 Chapter 6 Effective land rights
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78 Chapter 6 Gathering systematic e
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80 Chapter 6 In Sub-Saharan Africa
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82 Chapter 6 Land markets have been
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84 Chapter 6 and recording women’
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86 Chapter 6 At the international l
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Chapter 7 Reduce gender inequality
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90 Chapter 7 In only 17 of 110 coun
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92 Chapter 7 Table 7.3 Female share
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94 Chapter 7 Gender gaps in earning
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96 Chapter 7 An important strategy
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98 Chapter 7 For poor women, public
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100 Chapter 7 Many developed and de
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102 Chapter 7 Decent, productive wo
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Chapter 8 Increase women’s repres
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106 Chapter 8 Only 14 countries hav
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108 Chapter 8 Experience offers fou
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Chapter 9 Combat violence against w
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112 Chapter 9 Surveys often find th
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114 Chapter 9 The economic, social,
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116 Chapter 9 Interventions for com
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118 Chapter 9 Communities play an i
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120 Chapter 9 Box 9.1 Mainstreaming
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Chapter 10 Data and indicators for
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124 Chapter 10 Box 10.1 Proposed in
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126 Chapter 10 The task force recom
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128 Chapter 10 Improving countries
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Chapter 11 The financial costs of i
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132 Chapter 11 A gender needs asses
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134 Chapter 11 empower women. For e
Page 159 and 160: 136 Chapter 11 costs of setting up
Page 161 and 162: Chapter 12 Making it happen Althoug
Page 163 and 164: 140 Chapter 12 Gender analysis invo
Page 165 and 166: 142 Chapter 12 Through legislation,
Page 167 and 168: 144 Chapter 12 The reporting obliga
Page 169 and 170: 146 Chapter 12 Box 12.2 Cambodia: t
Page 171 and 172: 148 Chapter 12 Box 12.3 Chile: the
Page 173 and 174: 150 Chapter 12 Box 12.5 South Afric
Page 175 and 176: 152 Chapter 12 Poverty reduction st
Page 177 and 178: 154 Chapter 12 The next 10 years pr
Page 179 and 180: 156 Appendix 1 illiterate, while th
Page 181 and 182: 158 Appendix 1 Box A1.1 Regional cl
Page 183 and 184: 160 Appendix 1 Table A1.3 Country p
Page 185 and 186: 162 Appendix 1 are likely to fall b
Page 187 and 188: 164 Appendix 1 Table A1.7 Female an
Page 197 and 198: 174 Appendix 1 Table A1.10 Adult fe
Page 199 and 200: 176 Appendix 1 Table A1.10 Adult fe
Page 201 and 202: Appendix 2 Reproductive health stat
Page 203 and 204: Appendix 3 Employment statistics Ta
Page 205 and 206: 182 Appendix 3 Table A3.2 Maternity
Page 207 and 208: 184 Appendix 3 Table A3.2 Maternity
Page 209: 186 Appendix 3 Table A3.3 Women’s
Page 213 and 214: 190 Appendix 4 Table A4.1 Share of
Page 215 and 216: 192 Appendix 4 Table A4.3 Results o
Page 221 and 222: Appendix 6 Summary of e-discussion
Page 223 and 224: 200 Appendix 6 caveats to be consid
Page 225 and 226: 202 Appendix 6 political opportunit
Page 227 and 228: 204 Appendix 6 investment in infras
Page 229 and 230: 206 Appendix 6 does not lower women
Page 231 and 232: 208 Appendix 6 • Conduct public a
Page 233 and 234: 210 Appendix 6 women—hardly a gen
Page 235 and 236: 212 Appendix 6 commented on gender-
Page 237 and 238: 214 Appendix 6 clear is the extent
Page 239 and 240: 216 Notes from many different count
Page 241 and 242: 218 Notes 5. A condition of such ow
Page 243 and 244: 220 Notes 14. The pension is paid o
Page 245 and 246: 222 Notes Chapter 11 1. Using data
Page 247 and 248: References Aboim, M. 2002. “Brazi
Page 249 and 250: 226 References Aromolaran, A. 2002.
Page 251 and 252: 228 References Bid, P., R. Nanavaty
Page 253 and 254: 230 References Case, A., and A. Dea
Page 255 and 256: 232 References ———. 2001. Emp
Page 257 and 258: 234 References Floro, M. 1995. “E
Page 259 and 260: 236 References Harding, S. 1996.
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238 References ———. 2000. “
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240 References Kaufmann, D., A. Kra
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242 References son-Kuhn, and J. Haa
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244 References Mladjenvoic, L., and
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246 References Ostro, B. J., M. San
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248 References Rehn, E., and E. Joh
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250 References Global Technical Con
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252 References UNAIDS. 2003a. Acces
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254 References United Nations Secre
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256 References ———. 1999. “
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