Africa Foreign Investor Survey 2005 - unido

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Figure 6.30 Proportion of university graduates in the workforce for main investor categories 24% 20% 16% 12% 8% 4% 19.9% 19.5% 12.5% 12.0% 12.0% 7.0% 17.4% 14.7% 10.0% 8.0% 18.1% 12.6% 10.0% 8.0% 8.7% 4.9% 9.7% 6.0% 22.9% 15.0% 18.1% 14.6% 8.0% 10.0% Mean Median 19.2% 17.6% 16.1% 14.1% 9.0% 13.0% 8.0% 9.0% 0% L-TNC S-TNC FE North South Local Regional Global 3.0% Primary 2.0% Secondary Tertiary WOE JV Percentage of university graduates in total workforce 1980 and before 1981-1990 1991-2000 2001 and after Table 6.16 Number of university graduates and expatriate university graduates for main investor categories No. of university graduates No. of expat university graduates N MEAN MEDIAN SUM Sig. N MEAN MEDIAN SUM Sig. Organizational L-TNC 264 57 12 14964 F(2,1021)= 245 2.55 1 624 F(2,944)=7.651 structure S-TNC 244 21 8 5221 22.297 219 2.99 1 654 p=0.001 FE 516 12 4 6284 p
Table 6.17 Number of university graduates and expatriate university graduates by investor’s region of origin Percentage university graduates No. of university graduates No. of expat. university graduates in total workforce N MEAN MEDIAN SUM N MEAN MEDIAN SUM N MEAN MEDIAN SSA 133 12 5 1600 125 1.35 0 169 131 19.4% 12.0% SA 73 48 4 3534 68 2.51 0 171 71 17.3% 7.0% MENA 113 23 5 2589 104 1.38 0 144 113 11.5% 7.0% AMER 57 20 8 1137 52 2.23 1 116 57 20.1% 11.0% Asia 148 14 5 2139 138 3.76 1 519 146 12.4% 7.0% EUR 467 31 7 14682 433 1.67 0 721 462 17.0% 9.0% TOTAL 991 26 5 25,681 920 2.00 0 1,840 980 16.2% 9.0% Figure 6.31 Proportion of university graduates in the workforce by investor’s region of origin 22% 20% 18% 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 20.1% 11.0% 19.4% 12.0% 17.3% 17.0% 7.0% 9.0% 12.4% Mean Median 11.5% 7.0% 7.0% AMER SSA SA EUR Asia MENA 57 cases 131 cases 71 cases 462 cases 146 cases 113 cases telecommunications (25 per cent), publishing (24 per cent), trading companies (19 per cent) and energy (15 per cent).The least intensive employers of graduates are all export-oriented subsectors – garments (3 per cent), textiles (4 per cent), agro-industries (5 per cent) and wood products (5 per cent). As has been noted in earlier chapters, country of investor’s origin and subsector of investment activity tend to correlate and so unsurprisingly, does the proportion of graduates employed. Hence, investors from Asia and the Middle East and North <strong>Africa</strong> employ the least proportion of graduates because firms from these regions tend to be concentrated in export-oriented subsectors that are also labour-intensive (figure 6.31). European and North American investors, because they mostly focus on local markets and their operations are more capital intensive, have a significantly higher revealed preference for hiring graduates. French, Portuguese and Swiss investors, however, do not follow this trend (annex table 6.14). Closer examination of firms that employ few graduates using classification tree analysis reveals two subgroups. The first group, as might be predicted from their spending on training, is the group of 43 Southern export-oriented manufacturers and agro-businesses. They employ on average only 4.4 per cent of graduates in their workforce.Twelve firms operate in each of the textiles and the garment manufacturing subsectors. Nine Chinese and 8 sub-Saharan <strong>Africa</strong>n companies on average employ just 2 per cent of graduates. The second subgroup, employing relatively few graduates consists of 179 firms, owner-managed manufacturing firms and agro-businesses that are focused on serving the domestic market. On average, they employ 9 per cent of university graduates in their workforce. Eighteen owner-managed construction companies in the subgroup employ just 2 per cent of graduates and 13 wooden furniture manufacturers employ 5 per cent of graduates. The 60 chemicals firms and 38 food firms in the subgroup employ on average around 8 per cent of graduates. As discussed above, firms that typically invest heavily in training are services sector joint ventures involving investors from the South. It is therefore expected that firms employing a high proportion of graduates are typically the same companies – Southern joint ventures operating in the services sector. This is strongly confirmed from the data - 66 such companies were identified that employed on average a workforce made up of 29 per cent university graduates. Forty-one are subsidiaries of TNCs.The difference between wholly foreign-owned and joint venture services firms is quite striking with WOE employing on average only 18 per cent of graduates (p
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Burkina Faso Cameroon Côte d’Ivo
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The designations employed and the p
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Preface Investment is the key to un
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Foreword This is a pioneering and m
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Abbreviations ACP AfrIPANet AGOA AN
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Africa IPA Network (AfrIPANet) serv
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historical roots and regional marke
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cially in the services sector) pay
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small, labor intensive manufacturin
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mostly subsidiaries of small TNCs,
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1. Introduction Little empirical st
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The simplest linkages involve being
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One of the objectives of this surve
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2. Survey methodology Outline of th
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The initial design of the questionn
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transformation explains the differe
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adds up to higher than the total FD
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Figure 3.5 Share of the 15 survey c
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Figure 3.8 FDI stock - book value o
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Table 3.2 Top-5 foreign investor su
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majority of firms global exporters
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Continuing links with the North Fig
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Figure 3.24 Sales, book value, and
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The 25 largest companies in the sur
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Figure 4.1 Sales according to organ
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Figure 4.5 Sales by main sector and
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In terms of job creation, it is cle
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Figure 4.17 Sales by organizational
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clear trend of increasing South com
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of Tanzania. In Western Africa, Cô
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ook value of South controlled, loca
Page 70 and 71: Figure 4.37 Sales by investor origi
Page 72 and 73: Figure 4.43 Sales in each start-up
Page 74 and 75: Figure 4.50 Share structure distrib
Page 76 and 77: Figure 4.52 Sales by share structur
Page 78 and 79: Entry period (start of operations)
Page 80 and 81: Figure 4.65 Sales by market orienta
Page 82 and 83: Figure 5.2 Investors’ self-evalua
Page 84 and 85: Figure 5.7 Last year’s sales grow
Page 86 and 87: Figure 5.10 Annual sales growth (pa
Page 88 and 89: sales, old L-TNC, is among the lowe
Page 90 and 91: Figure 5.18 Classification tree of
Page 92 and 93: mean and median of the output per e
Page 94 and 95: Figure 5.23 Sales per USD book valu
Page 97 and 98: 6. Impact on the local economy This
Page 99 and 100: ices firms pay wages that are more
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Page 105 and 106: Table 6.2 gives the distribution by
Page 107 and 108: for accuracy. The whole sample expe
Page 109 and 110: Figure 6.16 Expected re-investment
Page 111 and 112: Local content impacts The analysis
Page 113 and 114: other hand, the thesis, according t
Page 115 and 116: Figure 6.25 Distribution of main in
Page 117 and 118: Technology and know-how transfer In
Page 119: Figure 6.29 Expenditure on training
Page 123 and 124: control is of paramount importance
Page 125 and 126: Table 6.18 Foreign investor’s bra
Page 127: Summary Wage and employment growth
Page 130 and 131: Table 7.1 Exports for main investor
Page 132 and 133: Figure 7.2 Past and future export g
Page 134 and 135: Table 7.7 Top regional export desti
Page 136 and 137: Export markets The long-established
Page 138 and 139: global exporters’ contribution to
Page 140 and 141: Table 8.2 Location factors consider
Page 142 and 143: Figure 8.2 Assessments of changes i
Page 144 and 145: Figure 8.7 Comparison of importance
Page 146 and 147: Figure 8.11 Classification tree of
Page 148 and 149: Figure 8.15 Pre-investment services
Page 150 and 151: period (average of 15 years) over w
Page 152 and 153: Figure 9.1 Future employment and in
Page 154 and 155: taking advantage of the opening up
Page 156 and 157: associated with FDI. In these count
Page 158 and 159: Table 9.1 Major characteristics of
Page 161 and 162: List of tables and figures FIGURES
Page 163 and 164: Figure 4.65 Sales by market orienta
Page 165 and 166: Table 3.1 FDI stock - book value of
Page 167: Annex table 6.10 Expenditures on su
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a work permit? How many engineers/s
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ANNEX
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Annex table 2.1 Detailed definition
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Annex 2.4 Sample size requirements
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Annex table 3.2 Distribution of for
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BOOK VALUE(in USD) WORKFORCE Number
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Annex: Chapter 4 Annex table 4.1 Sa
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Annex table 4.2 Sales, book value a
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Annex table 4.3 Sales, book values
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Annex table 4.6 Subsectors by inves
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Annex: Chapter 5 Annex table 5.1 In
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Annex table 5.7 Last year’s sales
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Annex table 5.13 Annual sales growt
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Annex table 5.19 Sales per USD book
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Annex: Chapter 6 Annex table 6.1 Wa
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Annex table 6.3 Annual employment g
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Annex table 6.6 Ratio of expected r
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Percentage of local content MEAN ME
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Annex table 6.11 Expenditure on tra
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Annex table 6.14 Proportion of univ
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Annex table 6.16 Proportion of expa
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Annex figure 6.1 Classification tre
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Annex figure 6.5 Classification tre
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Annex: Chapter 7 Annex table 7.1 To
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Annex table 7.4 Export growth (past
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Annex: Chapter 8 Annex table 8.1 Lo
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Annex table 8.4 Ranking of countrie
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Annex figure 8.1 Assessment of chan
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Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) (
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Printed in Austria March 2007 UNITE
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