Orientalism - autonomous learning

360 Notes
Notes
361
Daniel, [slam, Europe and Empire (Edinburgh: University Press, 1966). Two
indispensable short studies are Albert Hourani, "Islam and the Philosophers
of History," Middle Eastern Studies 3, no. 3 (April 1967): 206-68, and
Maxime Rodinson, "The Western Image and Western Studies of Islam," in
The Legacy of Islam, ed. Joseph Schacht and C. E. Bosworth (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1974), pp. 9-62.
S. P. M. Holt, "The Treatment of Arab History by Prideaux, Ockley, and
Sale," in Historians of the Middle East, ed. Bernard Lewis and P. M. Holt
(London; Oxford University Press, 1962), p. 302. See also Holt's The Study
of Modern Arab History (London: School of Oriental and African Studies,
1965).
6. The view of Herder as populist and pluralist is advocated by Isaiah
Berlin, Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas (New York:
Viking Press. 1976).
7. For a discussion of such motifs and representations, see Jean Starobinski,
The Invention of Liberty, 1700-1789, trans. Bernard C. Smith (Geneva:
Skira, 1964).
8. There are a small number of studies on this too-little-investigated subject.
Some well-known ones are: Martha P. Conant, The Oriental Tale in
England in the Eighteenth Century (1908; reprint ed., New York: Octagon
Books, 1967); Marie E. de Meester, Oriental Influences in the English Literature
of the Nineteenth Century, Anglistische Forschungen, no. 46 (Heidelberg,
1915); Byron Porter Smith, Islam in English Literature (Beirut: American
Press, 1939). See also Jean-Luc Doutrelant, "L'Orient tragique au
XVIII" siecle," Revue des Sciences Humaines 146 (April-June 1972): 255­
82.
9. Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human
Sciences (New York: Pantheon Books, 1970), pp. 138, 144. See also
Fran~ois Jacob, The Logic of Life: A History of Heredity, trans. Betty E.
Spillmann (New York: Pantheon Books, 1973), p. 50 and passim, and
Georges Canguilhem, La Connaissance de la vie (Paris: Gustave-Joseph Vrin,
1969), pp. 44-63.
10. See John G. Burke, "The Wild Man's Pedigree: Scientific Method and
Racial Anthropology," in The Wild Man Within: An Image in Western
Thought from the Renaissance to Romanticism, ed. Edward Dudley and
Maximillian E. Novak (Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press,
1972), pp. 262-8. See also Jean Biou, "Lumieres et anthropophagie," Revue
des Sciences Humaines 146 (April-Junc 1972): 223-34.
11. Henri Deherain, Silvestre de Sacy: Ses Contemporains et ses disciples
(Paris: Paul Geuthner, 1938), p. Ill.
12. For these and other details see ibid., pp. i-xxxiii.
13. Duc de Broglie, "Bloge de Silvestrc de Sacy," in Sacy, Melanges de
litthature orientale (Paris: E. Ducrocq, 1833), p. xii.
14. Bon Joseph Dacier, Tableau historique de l'erudition fran(;aise, ou
Rapport sur les progres de l'histoire et de la litthature ancienne depuis 1789
(Paris: Imprimerie imperiale. 1810), pp. 23, 35, 31.
15. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth oj the Prison, trans.
Alan Sheridan (New York: Pantheon Books, 1977), pp. 193-4.
16. Broglie, "Eloge de Silvestre de Sacy," p. 107.
17. Sacy, Melanges de litterature orientale, pp. 107, 110, 111-12.
18. Silvestre de Sacy, Chrestoma/hie arabe, ou Ex/raits de divers ecrivains
arabes, tant en prose qu' en vers, avec une traduction jram;aise et des notes,
al'usage des eleves de l'Ecole royale et speciale des langues orientales vivantes
(vol. I, 1826; reprint ed., Osnabriick: Biblio Verlag, 1973), p. viii.
19. For the notions of "supplementarity," "supply," and "supplication," see
Jacques Derrida, De la grammatologie (Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1967), p.
203 and passim.
20. For a partial list of Sacy's students and influence see Johann W. Fiick,
Die Arahischen Studien in Europa his in den Anfang des 20. lahrhunderts
(Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz, (955), pp. 156-7.
21. Foucault's characterization of an archive can be found in The Archaeology
of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language, trans. A. M. Sheridan
Smith and Rupert Sawyer (New York: Pantheon Books, 1972), pp. 79-131.
Gabriel Monod, one of Renan's younger and very perspicacious contemporaries,
remarks that Renan was by no means a revolutionary in linguistics,
archaeology, or exegesis, yet because he had the widest and the most precise
learning of anyone in his period, he' was its most eminent representative
(Renan, Taine, Michelet [Paris: Calmann-Levy, 18941, pp. 40-1). See also
Jean-Louis Dumas, "La Philosophie de l'histoire de Renan," Revue de Metaphysique
et de Morale 77, no. I (January-March 1972): 100-28.
22. Honore de Balzac, Louis Lambert (Paris: Calmann-U:vy, n.d.), p. 4.
23. Nietzsche's remarks on philology are everywhere throughout his works.
See principally his notes for "Wir Philologen" taken from his notebooks for
the period january-july 1875, translated by William Arrowsmith as "Notes
for 'We Philologists,'" Arion, N. S. 1;2 (1974): 279-380; also the passages
on languagc and perspectivism in The Will to Power, trans. Walter Kaufmann
and R. I. Hollingdale (New York: Vintage Books, 1968).
24. Ernest Renan, L'Avenir de la science: Penstes de 1848, 4th ed. (Paris:
Calmann-Levy, 1890), pp. 141, 142-5, 146, 148, 149.
25. Ibid., p. xiv and passim.
26. The entire opening chapter-bk. J, chap. l-of the Histoire generaie
et systeme compare des langues semitiques, in Oeuvres completes, ed.
Henriette Psichari (Paris: Calmann-Levy, 1947-61), 8: 143-63, is a virtual
encyclopedia of race prejudice directed against Semites (i.e., Moslems and
Jews). The rest of the treatise is sprinkled generously with the same riotions,
as are many of Renan's other works, including L'A venir de la science,
especially Renan's notes.
27. Ernest Renan, Correspondance; 1846-1871 (Paris: Calmann-Levy,
1926),1: 7-12.
28. Ernest Renan, Souvenirs d'enfance et de jeunesse, in Oeuvres completes,
2: 892. Two works by Jean Pommier treat Renan's mediation between
religion and philology in vahiable detail: Renan, d'apres des documents
inidits (Paris: Perrin, 1923), pp. 48-68, and La leunesse clericale d'Ernes/
Renan (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1933). There is a more recent account in
J. Chaix-Ruy, Ernest Renan (Paris: Emmanuel Vitte, 1956), pp. 89-UI.
The standard description-done more in terms of Renan's religious vocation
-is still valuable also: Pierre Lasserre, La leunesse d'Ernest Renan: Histoire
de la crise religieuse au XIX" sieele, 3 vols. (Paris: Garnier Freres, 1925).
In vol. 2, pp. 50-166 and 265-98 are useful on the relations between philology,
philosophy, and science.