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368 Notes
17. For an illustrative extract from de Vattel's work see Curtin, ed., Imperialism,
pp. 42-5.
18. Cited by M. de Caix, La Syrie in Gabriel Hanotaux, Histoire des
colonies franr;aises, 6 vols. (Paris: Societe de l'histoire nation ale, 1929-33),
3:481.
19. These details are to be found in Vernon McKay, "Colonialism in the
French Geographical Movement," Geographical Review 33, no. 2 (April
1943): 214-32.
20. Agnes Murphy, The Ideology of French Imperialism, 1817-1881
(Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 1948), pp. 46, 54, 36,
45.
21. Ibid., pp. 189, 110, 136.
22. Jukka Nevakivi, Britain, France, and the Arab Middle East, 1914-1920
(London: Athlone Press, 1969), p. 13.
23. Ibid., p. 24.
24. D. G. Hogarth, The Penetration of Arabia: A Record of the Development
of Western Knowledge Concerning The Arabian Peninsula (New York:
Frederick A. Stokes, 1904). There is a good recent book on the same
subject: Robin Bidwell, Travellers in Arabia (London: Paul Hamlyn, 1976).
25. Edmond Bremond, Le Hedjaz dans la guerre mondiale (Paris: Payot,
1931), pp. 242 ff.
26. Le Comte de Cressaty, Les Interets de la France en Syrie (Paris:
Floury, 1913).
27. Rudyard Kipling, Verse (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1954),
p.280.
28. The themes of exclusion and confinement in nineteenth-century culture
have played an important role in Michel Foucault's work, most recently in
his Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Pantheon
Books, 1977), and The History of Sexuality, Volume I: An Introduction
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1978).
29. The Letters of T. E. Lawrence of Arabia, ed. David Garnett (1938;
reprint ed., London: Spring Books, 1964), p. 244.
30. Gertrude Bell, The Desert and the Sown (London: William Heinemann,
1907), p. 244.
31. Gertrude Bell, From Her Personal Papers, 1889-1914, ed. Elizabeth
Burgoyne (London: Ernest Benn, 1958), p. 204.
32. William Butler Yeats, "Byzantium," The Collected Poems (New York:
Macmillan Co., 1959), p. 244.
33. Stanley Diamond, In Search of the Primitive: A Critique of Civilization
(New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1974), p. 119.
34. See Harry Bracken, "Essence, Accident and Race," Hermathena 116
(Winter 1973): pp. 81-96.
35. George Eliot, Middlemarch: A Study of Provincial Life (1872; reprint
ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1956), p. 13.
36. Lionel Trilling, Matthew Arnold (1939; reprint ed., New York: Meridian
Books, 1955), p. 214.
37. See Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York:
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973), p. 180, note 55.
38. W. Robertson Smith, Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia, ed.
Notes 369
Stanley Cook (1907; reprint ed., Oesterhout, N.B.: Anthropological Publications,
1966), pp. xiii, 241.
39. W. Robertson Smith, Lectures and Essays, ed. John Sutherland Black
and George Chrystal (London: Adam & Charles Black, 1912), pp. 492-3.
40. Ibid., pp. 492, 493, 511, 500, 498-9.
41. Charles M. Doughty, Travels in Arabia Deserta, 2nd ed., 2 vols. (New
York: Random House, n.d.), 1: 95. See also the excellent article by Richard
Bevis, "Spiritual Geology: C. M. Doughty and the Land of the Arabs,"
Victorian Studies 16 (December 1972), 163-81.
42. T. E. Lawrence, The Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph (1926;
reprint ed., Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1935), p. 28.
43. For a discussion of this see Talal Asad, "Two European Images of
Non-European Rule," in Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter, ed. Talal
Asad (London: Ithaca Press, 1975), pp. 103-18.
44. Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 218.
45. T. E. Lawrence, Oriental Assembly, ed. A. W. Lawrence (New York:
E. P. Dutton & Co., 1940), p. 95.
46. Cited in Stephen Ely Tabachnick, "The Two Veils of T. E. Lawrence,"
Studies in the Twentieth Century 16 (Fall 1975): 96--7.
47. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom, pp. 42-3, 661.
48. Ibid., pp. 549, 550--2.
49. E. M. Forster, A Passage to India (1924; reprint ed., New York: Harcourt,
Brace & Co., 1952), p. 322.
50. Maurice Barres, Une Enquete aux pays du Levant (Paris: PIon, 1923),
1: 20; 2: 181,192,193,197.
51. D. G. Hogarth, The Wandering Scholar (London: Oxford University
Press, 1924). Hogarth describes his style as that of "the explorer first and
the scholar second" (p. 4).
52. Cited by H. A. R. Gibb, "Structure of Religious Thought in Islam," in
his Studies on the Civilization of Islam, ed. Stanford J. Shaw and William R.
Polk (Boston: Beacon Press, 1962), p. 180.
53. Frederic Lefevre, "Une Heure avec Sylvain Levi," in Memorial Sylvain
Levi, ed. Jacques Bacot (Paris: Paul Hartmann, 1937), pp. 123-4.
54. Paul Valery, Oeuvres, ed. Jean Hytier (Paris: Gallimard, 1960), 2:
1556-7.
55. Cited in Christopher Sykes, Crossroads to Israel (1965; reprint ed.,
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1973), p. 5.
56. Cited in Alan Sandison, The Wheel of Empire: A Study of the Imperial
Idea in Some Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Fiction (New
York: St. Martin's Press, 1967), p. 158. An excellent study of the French
equivalent is Martine Astier Loutfi, Litterature et colonialisme: L'Expansion
coloniale vue dans la litterature romanesque fran r;a ise, 1871-1914 (The
Hague: Mouton & Co., 1971).
57. Paul Valery, Varihe (Paris: Gallimard, 1924), p. 43.
58. George Orwell, "Marrakech," in A Collection of Essays (New York:
Doubleday Anchor Books, 1954), p. 187.
59. Valentine Chirol, The Occident and the Orient (Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1924), p. 6.