Orientalism - autonomous learning

372 Notes
104. "Statement of Purpose," MESA Bulletin I, no. I (May 1967): 33.
105. Morroe Berger, "Middle Eastern and North African Studies: Developments
and Needs," MESA Bulletin 1, no. 2 (November 1967): 16.
106. Menachem Mansoor, "Present State of Arabic Studies in the United
States," in Report on Current Research 1958, ed. Kathleen H. Brown (Washington:
Middle East Institute, 1958), pp. 55-6.
107. Harold Lasswell, "Propaganda," Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
(1934), 12: 527. lowe this reference to Professor Noam Chomsky.
108. Marcel Proust, The Guermantes Way, trans. C. K. Scott Moncriefi'
(1925; reprint ed., New York: Vintage Books, 1970), p. 135.
109. Nathaniel Schmidt, "Early Oriental Studies in Europe and the Work of
the American Oriental Society, 1842-1922," Journal of the American Oriental
Society 43 (1923): 11. See also E. A. Speiser, "Near Eastern Studies
in America, 1939-45," Archiv Orienta/nl 16 (1948): 76-88.
110. As an instance there is Henry Jessup, Fifty-Three Years in Syria, 2
vols. (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1910).
111. For the connection between the issuing of the Balfour Declaration
and United States war policy, see Doreen Ingrams, Palestine Papers 1917­
1922: Seeds oj Conflict (London: Cox & Syman, 1972), pp. 10 ff.
112. Mortimer Graves, "A Cultural Relations Policy in the Near East," in
The Near East and the Great Powers, ed. Frye, pp. 76, 78.
113. George Camp Keiser, "The Middle East Institute: Its Inception and
Its Place in American International Studies," in The Near East and the
Great Powers, ed. Frye, pp. 80, 84.
114. For an account of this migration, see The Intellectual Migration:
Europe and America, 1930-/960, ed. Donald Fleming and Bernard Bailyn
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969).
115. Gustave von Grunebaum, Modern Islam: The Search jor Cultural
Identity (New York: Vintage Books, 1964), pp. 55, 261.
116. Abdullah Laroui, "Pour une methodologie des etudes islamiques:
L'Islam au miroir de Gustave von Grunebaum," Diogene 38 (July-September
1973): 30. This essay has been collected in Laroui's The Crisis oj the
Arab Intellectuals: Traditionalism or Historicism? trans. Diarmid Cammell
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976).
117. David Gordon, Self·Determination and History in the Third World
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971).
118. Laroui, "Pour une methodologie des etudes islamiques," p. 41.
119. Manfred Halpern, "Middle East Studies: A Review of the State of the
Field with a Few Examples," World Politics 15 (October 1962): 121-2.
120. Ibid., p. 117.
121. Leonard Binder, "1974 Presidential Address," MESA Bulletin 9, no.
(February 1975): 2.
122. Ibid., p. 5.
123. "Middle East Studies Network in the United States," MERIP Reports
38 (June 1975): 5.
124. The two best critical reviews of the Camhridge History are by Albert
Hourani, The English Historical Review 87, no. 343 (April 1972): 348-57,
and Roger Owen, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 4, no. 2 (Autumn
1973): 287-98.
Notes 373
125. P. M. Holt, Introduction, The Cambridge History oj Islam, ed. P. M.
Holt, Anne K. S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1970), 1: xi.
126. D. Sourdel, "The Abbasid Caliphate," Cambridge History of Islam,
edt Holt et aI., 1: 12l.
127. Z. N. Zeine, "The Arab Lands," Cambridge History oj Islam, ed. Holt
et aI., 1: 575.
128. Dankwart A. Rustow, "The Political Impact of the West," Cambridge
History oj Islam, ed. Holt et aI., 1: 697.
129. Cited in Ingrams, Palestine Papers, 19/7-1922, pp. 31-2.
130. Robert Alter, "Rhetoric and the Arab Mind," Commentary, October
1968, pp. 61-85. Alter's article was an adulatory review of General Yehoshafat
Harkabi's Arab Attitudes to Israel (Jerusalem: Keter Press, 1972).
131. Gil Carl Alroy, "Do The Arabs Want Peace?" Commentary, February
1974, pp. 56-6l.
132. Roland Barthes, Mythologies, trans. Annette Lavers (New York: Hill
& Wang, 1972), pp. 109-59.
133. Raphael Patai, Golden River to Golden Road: Society, Culture, and
Change in the Middle East (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Prcss,
1962; 3rd rev. ed., 1969), p. 406.
134. Raphael Patai, The Arab Mind (New York: Charles Scribner'S Sons,
1973). For an even more racist work see John Laffin, The Arab Mind Considered:
A Need jor Understanding (New York: Taplinger Publishing Co.,
1976).
135. Sania Hamady, Temperament and Character of the Arabs (New York;
Twayne Publishers, 1960), p. 100. Hamady's book is a favorite amongst
Israelis and Israeli apologists; Alroy cites her approvingly, and so does Amos
Elon in The Israelis: Founders and SOIlS (New York: Holt, Rinehart &
Winston, 1971). Morroe Berger (see note 137 below) also cites her frequently.
Her model is Lane's Manners and Customs ot the Modern Egyptians,
but she has none of Lane's literacy or general learning.
136. Manfred Halpern's thesis is presented in "Four Contrasting Repertories
of Human Relations in Islam: Two Pre-Modern and Two Modern
Ways of Dealing with Continuity and Change, Collaboration and Conflict
and the Achieving of Justice," a paper presented to the 22nd Near East
Conference at Princeton University on Psychology and Near Eastern
Studies, May 8, 1973. This treatise was prepared for by Halpern's "A Redefinition
of the Revolutionary Situation," Journal of International Affairs
23, no. 1 (1969): 54-75.
137. Morroe Berger, The Arab World Today (New York: Doubleday
Anchor Books, 1964), p. 140. Much the same sort of implication underlies
the clumsy work of quasi-Arabists like Joel Carmichael and Daniel Lerner;
it is there more subtly in political and historical scholars such as Theodore
Draper, Walter Laqueur, and 1i.lie Kedourie. It is strongly in evidence in
such highly regarded works as Gabriel Baer's Population and Society in the
Arab East, trans. Hanna Szoke (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1964),
and Alfred Bonne's State and Economics in the Middle East: A Society in
Transition (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1955). The consensus seems
to be that if they think at all, Arabs think differently-i.e., not necessarily
with reason. and often without it. See also Adel Daher's RAND study,
Current Trends in Arab Intellectual Thought (RM-5979-FF, December