Sri Lanka Human Development Report 2012.pdf

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Restrictive land ownership constrains agricultural productivity. The state owns 84 percent of land, of which 34 percent is set aside for agriculture. Out of that, 48 percent is leased to farmers under the Land Development Ordinance permits, which do not provide full ownership rights (Figure 5.4). The lack of secure property rights negatively influences investment, access to credit, transferability and long-term usage patterns. People who cannot sell or lease land lose a safety net and the flexibility to move out of farming. 237 An additional problem is that existing legislation discriminates against women in the area of property rights (Box 5.2). services, access to markets, fertilizers, credit and so on. Much of the extent in smallholdings is located in the North Western, North Central and Southern provinces. A major share of extent in smallholdings is solely used for crop cultivation (73%). A much smaller share of land is used for livestock and crops mixed agriculture activities (Figure 5.5) 239 Only a very low amount of land is used only for livestock (0.1% of land extent under smallholding agriculture), a large portion of which is in the Northern and Western Provinces. 240 Figure 5.4: State-Owned Land and the Redistribution of Agricultural Land Source: Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka 2004. Note: The Mahaweli Ganga Development Programme is an integrated rural development programme undertaken based on water resources of Mahaweli and allied six river basins. Some land under the irrigation systems are vested with allottees with title deeds, and are termed Swarnaboomi grants. This allows under the Land Development Ordinance to develop the state land. Over the years, a land titling debate led to the 2008 Registration of Title Act (RTA) No. 21. Implementation is difficult, as more than 39 operational laws and about 60 institutions are involved in land administration and management, a situation fostering confusion over powers and duties, and lack of coordination. No mechanism exists to resolve conflicts. 238 Even so, land tenure can be less important to agriculture than other inputs, such as extension Cultivation is dominated by traditional crops that are less profitable than those with high-export value, such as palm oil, dragon fruits and horticultural crops. 241 Practiced on a wider scale and more intensively, diversification involving high-value crops could generate increased income and transform marginal operations into profitable ones. 242 However, this does not seem feasible on a large scale at present because of poor access to water and technology. Chapter 5 Bridging Human Development Gaps: Employment and Livelihoods 87
Figure 5.5: Extent (Ac) of Agriculture Holdings According to the Type of Holding-Small holding Sector, 2002 Western Sabaragamuwa Central Uva Southern North Central Northern North Western Eastern Holdings with crops and livestock Holdings with crops only All holdings Note: Holdings of less than 20 acres (8.09 hectares) are considered smallholdings. Source: Department of Census and Statistics of Sri Lanka 2002a. Box 5.2: Issues of Land Ownership and Rights of Women in Sri Lanka Sri Lanka’s legal system includes indigenous personal laws (i.e. Tesawalamai, Kandyan and Muslim laws) and two other major legal systems (English and Roman Dutch Law). The indigenous laws apply to different communities based on region, ethnicity and religion. Gender discriminatory provisions are common to them, especially with respect to property rights. Further, many existing laws, such as the Land Development Ordinance and the Land Grants Law, are overtly discriminatory. These statutes need to be amended to uphold women’s rights, including provisions for widows, or women who have been displaced from their original homes and separated from their husbands. On top of the legal and regulatory issues that deprive women from owning land and property, women lack awareness of land and property rights, and mechanisms for enforcing them. Many are hesitant to exercise their rights because of social and cultural pressures. Source: Pinto-Jayawardena and de Almeida Guneratne 2010. 88 sri lanka Human Development report 2012
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SriLankaHumanDevelopmentReport 2012
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Sri Lanka Human Development Report
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Acknowledgements This report would
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sri lanka Human Development report
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Access to water 89 Accessibility to
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Figure 1.1: Share of GDP by Provinc
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Table 2.1 Table 2.2: Table 2.3: Tab
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CHAPTER 1 Why Revisit Regional Dime
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spreading its fruits more equitably
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Negotiations are still ongoing to f
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Box 1.1 A Selected Summary of Damag
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Other Vulnerable Groups A number of
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education financing and the distrib
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CHAPTER 2 Patterns of Human Develop
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population. It accounts for inequal
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Regional Variations in the Human De
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Map 2.1: Human Development Index 20
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Gender Inequality Index Among distr
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Comparing Districts Across Indices
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14.5 percent in 2009-2010. As seen
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Economic Growth and Inequality Alth
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The poverty gap index, which measur
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half the headcount index. For the e
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What are the factors that push peop
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lowest incidence of both income and
Page 51 and 52: CHAPTER 3 Bridging Human Developmen
Page 53 and 54: disability of the heads of poor hou
Page 55 and 56: Infant Mortality and Under-five Mor
Page 57 and 58: and given three doses each of polio
Page 59 and 60: as the absence of illness, but also
Page 61 and 62: Box 3.2: Gender-based Violence The
Page 63 and 64: Figure 3.7: Distribution of Governm
Page 65 and 66: Figure 3.10: Medical Officers per 1
Page 67 and 68: While access to public health care
Page 69 and 70: Data on access in the Northern and
Page 71 and 72: People in Conflict-affected Areas F
Page 75 and 76: Levels)—mark the end of the senio
Page 77 and 78: Funding Education Public investment
Page 79 and 80: Figure 4.2: Distribution of Out-of-
Page 81 and 82: Male children are generally less li
Page 83 and 84: Deficits in information technology
Page 85 and 86: supports displaced children who ret
Page 87 and 88: Educational Performance: Senior Sec
Page 89 and 90: Building a Knowledge Economy Sri La
Page 91 and 92: Figure 4.10: Distribution of Univer
Page 93 and 94: offered by private institutions. 18
Page 97 and 98: twice the rate for the economy as a
Page 99 and 100: across geographic locations and by
Page 101: Box 5.1 Programmes to Improve Infra
Page 105 and 106: towards constructing multipurpose r
Page 107 and 108: The length of national, provincial
Page 109 and 110: performs better in terms of mobile
Page 111 and 112: Technological advancements and tran
Page 113 and 114: Figure 5.12: Number of Fishers and
Page 115 and 116: CHAPTER 6 Bridging Governance Gaps:
Page 117 and 118: Figure 6.1: Sri Lanka’s Tax Reven
Page 119 and 120: When taxation becomes more visible,
Page 121 and 122: Table 6.2: The CPI: Comparing Count
Page 123 and 124: While the objective is laudable, it
Page 125 and 126: There has been progress on some ind
Page 127 and 128: to collect their own revenue throug
Page 129 and 130: the public sector in policy reform
Page 131 and 132: Table 6.6: Women in Elected Politic
Page 133 and 134: CHAPTER 7 Building on Peace, Progre
Page 135 and 136: This is a considerable task, but it
Page 137 and 138: The Ministry of Health in associati
Page 139 and 140: nationally and locally. The decline
Page 141 and 142: Notes sri lanka Human Development r
Page 143 and 144: 54 World Health Organization 2001.
Page 145 and 146: amount equivalent to 8 percent of G
Page 147 and 148: Bibliography sri lanka Human Develo
Page 149 and 150: ———. 2009e. Statistics databa
Page 151 and 152: Draft-13%2006%202010.pdf]. Last acc
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———. 2008c. Land Reforms in S
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Table A2: Human Development Index a
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Table A4: Income Poverty, Multidime
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Table A6: Income Poverty and Measur
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Table A8: Demography, Land and Hous
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Table A10: Infant Mortality, Under-
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Table A12: Maternal Nutrition, Tota
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Table A14: Health Awareness Percent
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Table A16: Primary Gross Enrolment
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Table A18: Government Schools and S
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Table A20: Labour Force Labour forc
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Table A22: Unemployed Population Un
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Table A24: Household Possessions Co
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Table A26: Average Distance and Tim
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Technical Note sri lanka Human Deve
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HDI= (I Life Expectancy ) 1 / 3 ×
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where MMR=maternal mortality rate;
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Multidimensional poverty headcount(
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Figure T.2: Intensity of Poverty an
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of the total deprivations of poor p
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178 sri lanka Human Development rep
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