Sri Lanka Human Development Report 2012.pdf

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14 percent of Sri Lanka’s population aged 25 and above was formally educated up to the A-Level in 2009, while 30 percent passed O-Level exams (Table 4.9). At the educational level demarcated by O- and A-level examinations, there was a slight difference in favor of females on both. The distribution of educated people varies widely across the country. In 2009, almost half of the estate population aged 25 and above was educated below the primary level, compared to one-sixth of the rural population and 11 percent of the urban population. By junior secondary level, these differences increased significantly in favor of the urban population, a trend affirmed in pass rates on national examinations. Thirty-eight percent of people in urban areas aged 25 and above had passed the O-Level examination, compared to 29 percent of people in rural areas. A fifth of the urban population had passed the A-Level examination, but only 13 percent of the rural population had done so. On the estates, performance on both examinations was dismal: A mere 6 and 3 percent of people passed O-Level and A-Level exams, respectively. Nationally, the Western Province was at the top of the educational ladder in 2009, with 39 percent and 18 percent of its population having passed the O-Level and A-Level exams, respectively. The Northern Province was the lowest performer, with about 17 percent and 9 percent of people passing these, respectively. By socioeconomic group, the poorest quintile fares the worst, at 10 percent and 3 percent, respectively. For the richest quintile, 55 percent passed the O-Level exam, while almost a third passed the A-Level. Table 4.9: Highest Level of Formal Education Completed by People 25 Years and Above, 2009 Below primary Primary Junior secondary Passed O-Level Passed A-Level Total National 18 25 28 16 14 100 Male 16 27 28 16 13 100 Female 19 23 28 16 14 100 Urban 11 23 26 18 20 100 Rural 17 25 29 16 13 100 Estate 46 32 16 3 3 100 Western 9 23 28 21 18 100 Central 23 25 26 13 13 100 Southern 21 22 27 17 14 100 Northern 13 39 30 9 8 100 Eastern 29 28 20 13 10 100 North Western 19 29 27 14 11 100 North Central 16 26 35 13 10 100 Uva 29 23 27 13 8 100 Sabaragamuwa 22 23 33 11 12 100 Poorest quintile 32 31 27 7 3 100 2nd quintile 22 30 31 11 6 100 3rd quintile 18 27 30 15 10 100 4th quintile 12 22 30 21 16 100 Richest quintile 7 16 23 23 32 100 Source: Computations by the report team of the Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka using Department of Census and Statistics of Sri Lanka 2010c. Note: Education levels are in hierarchical order. Completion of a particular level of education implies the completion of all levels below it. Chapter 4 Bridging Human Development Gaps: EDUCATION 73
Building a Knowledge Economy Sri Lanka is falling behind in terms of the technical knowledge necessary to compete successfully in the global economy. An important measure of the robustness of a ‘technical’ economy is the World Bank’s Knowledge Economy Index (KEI). It is constructed as the simple average of four sub-indices, which represent the pillars of the knowledge economy: economic incentive and institutional regime, education and human resources, innovation and technological adoption, and information and communications technology infrastructure. The KEI ranked Sri Lanka 101 out of 145 countries in 2012, a drop from its ranking of 87 in 2000. 172 A scrutiny of the indicators used to construct the KEI reveals that Sri Lanka performs well in terms of rule of law 173 and gross secondary school enrolment rates. The problem is with the information and communications technology indicators, which together measure penetration, and innovation and technology adoption. For all three indicators under the latter (royalty payments and receipts, technical journal articles and patents granted), Sri Lanka’s performance is below the average for lower middle-income countries. For two other indicators (Internet users per 1,000 people, and computers per 1,000 people) Sri Lanka is either performing below or at par with lower middleincome countries (Figure 4.8). Figure 4.8: Knowledge Economy Indicators for Sri Lanka and Averages for lower Middle-Income and Upper Middle-Income Countries, 2012 Note: All variables have been normalized to take values from 0 (least favourable) to 10 (most favourable). Source: Compiled using data from The World Bank 2012b. 74 sri lanka Human Development report 2012
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SriLankaHumanDevelopmentReport 2012
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Sri Lanka Human Development Report
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Acknowledgements This report would
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sri lanka Human Development report
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Access to water 89 Accessibility to
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Figure 1.1: Share of GDP by Provinc
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Table 2.1 Table 2.2: Table 2.3: Tab
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CHAPTER 1 Why Revisit Regional Dime
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spreading its fruits more equitably
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Negotiations are still ongoing to f
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Box 1.1 A Selected Summary of Damag
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Other Vulnerable Groups A number of
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education financing and the distrib
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CHAPTER 2 Patterns of Human Develop
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population. It accounts for inequal
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Regional Variations in the Human De
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Map 2.1: Human Development Index 20
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Gender Inequality Index Among distr
Page 37 and 38: Comparing Districts Across Indices
Page 39 and 40: 14.5 percent in 2009-2010. As seen
Page 41 and 42: Economic Growth and Inequality Alth
Page 43 and 44: The poverty gap index, which measur
Page 45 and 46: half the headcount index. For the e
Page 47 and 48: What are the factors that push peop
Page 49 and 50: lowest incidence of both income and
Page 51 and 52: CHAPTER 3 Bridging Human Developmen
Page 53 and 54: disability of the heads of poor hou
Page 55 and 56: Infant Mortality and Under-five Mor
Page 57 and 58: and given three doses each of polio
Page 59 and 60: as the absence of illness, but also
Page 61 and 62: Box 3.2: Gender-based Violence The
Page 63 and 64: Figure 3.7: Distribution of Governm
Page 65 and 66: Figure 3.10: Medical Officers per 1
Page 67 and 68: While access to public health care
Page 69 and 70: Data on access in the Northern and
Page 71 and 72: People in Conflict-affected Areas F
Page 75 and 76: Levels)—mark the end of the senio
Page 77 and 78: Funding Education Public investment
Page 79 and 80: Figure 4.2: Distribution of Out-of-
Page 81 and 82: Male children are generally less li
Page 83 and 84: Deficits in information technology
Page 85 and 86: supports displaced children who ret
Page 87: Educational Performance: Senior Sec
Page 91 and 92: Figure 4.10: Distribution of Univer
Page 93 and 94: offered by private institutions. 18
Page 97 and 98: twice the rate for the economy as a
Page 99 and 100: across geographic locations and by
Page 101 and 102: Box 5.1 Programmes to Improve Infra
Page 103 and 104: Figure 5.5: Extent (Ac) of Agricult
Page 105 and 106: towards constructing multipurpose r
Page 107 and 108: The length of national, provincial
Page 109 and 110: performs better in terms of mobile
Page 111 and 112: Technological advancements and tran
Page 113 and 114: Figure 5.12: Number of Fishers and
Page 115 and 116: CHAPTER 6 Bridging Governance Gaps:
Page 117 and 118: Figure 6.1: Sri Lanka’s Tax Reven
Page 119 and 120: When taxation becomes more visible,
Page 121 and 122: Table 6.2: The CPI: Comparing Count
Page 123 and 124: While the objective is laudable, it
Page 125 and 126: There has been progress on some ind
Page 127 and 128: to collect their own revenue throug
Page 129 and 130: the public sector in policy reform
Page 131 and 132: Table 6.6: Women in Elected Politic
Page 133 and 134: CHAPTER 7 Building on Peace, Progre
Page 135 and 136: This is a considerable task, but it
Page 137 and 138: The Ministry of Health in associati
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nationally and locally. The decline
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Notes sri lanka Human Development r
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54 World Health Organization 2001.
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amount equivalent to 8 percent of G
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Bibliography sri lanka Human Develo
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———. 2009e. Statistics databa
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Draft-13%2006%202010.pdf]. Last acc
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———. 2008c. Land Reforms in S
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Table A2: Human Development Index a
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Table A4: Income Poverty, Multidime
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Table A6: Income Poverty and Measur
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Table A8: Demography, Land and Hous
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Table A10: Infant Mortality, Under-
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Table A12: Maternal Nutrition, Tota
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Table A14: Health Awareness Percent
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Table A16: Primary Gross Enrolment
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Table A18: Government Schools and S
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Table A20: Labour Force Labour forc
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Table A22: Unemployed Population Un
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Table A24: Household Possessions Co
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Table A26: Average Distance and Tim
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Technical Note sri lanka Human Deve
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HDI= (I Life Expectancy ) 1 / 3 ×
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where MMR=maternal mortality rate;
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Multidimensional poverty headcount(
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Figure T.2: Intensity of Poverty an
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of the total deprivations of poor p
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178 sri lanka Human Development rep
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