Sri Lanka Human Development Report 2012.pdf

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Generally, regions with lower human development have more multidimensionalinequalities, and thus larger losses in potential human development attributable to inequality. The IHDI can help in developing policies to reduce inequalities and in evaluating the impact of various policy options aimed accordingly. Gender Inequality Index The GII reflects gender-based inequalities in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and the labour market (Table T.3). Reproductive health is measured by maternal mortality and adolescent fertility rates; empowerment by the share of parliamentary seats held by each gender, and by secondary and higher education attainments by each gender; and the labour market by the labour force participation rate for each gender. The GII shows the loss in human development resulting from inequality between female and male achievements in these three dimensions. The values range from 0 (which indicates that women and men fare equally) to 1 (which indicates that women fare as poorly as possible in all measured dimensions). The GII is computed using the association-sensitive inequality measure suggested by Seth (2009), but the method of computation is complex. The index is based on the general mean of general means of different orders—the first aggregation is by the geometric mean across dimensions. These means, calculated separately for women and men, are then aggregated using a harmonic mean across genders. Table T.3: Dimensions and Indicators of the Gender Inequality Index Dimensions Women men Reproductive health Maternal mortality ratio Not applicable Adolescent fertility rate for ages 15 to 19 years Empowerment Secondary or higher levels of education attained by adult women and men (aged 25 years or more) Female and male shares of parliamentary seats Labour market Labour force participation rate (aged 15 years and above) Source: United Nations Development Programme 2011a. The aggregation formula for women and girls G F = 3 1 MMR x 1 1/2 ( AFR ) (PRF x SE F ) 1/2 (LFPR F ) The aggregation formula for men and boys G M = 3 1 x (PR M x SE M ) 1/2 (LFPR M ) Technical Note 169
where MMR=maternal mortality rate; AFR=adolescent fertility rate; PRF=share of parliamentary seats held by women; PRM =share of parliamentary seats held by men; SEF = share of women who have secondary and higher education; SEM = share of men who havesecondary and higher education; LFPRF = labour force participation rate for women; LFPRM= labour force participation rate for men. The female and male indices are aggregated by the harmonic mean to create the equally distributed gender index: HARM(G F ,G M ) = (G F )-1 + (G M ) [ -1 2 ] indicator is equally weighted. The MPI reveals the combination of deprivations that batter a household at the same time. A household is identified as a multidimensionally poor household if it is deprived in some combination of indicators, the weighted sum of which exceeds 30 percent of total deprivations. Method of computation Each person in a given household is classified as poor or nonpoor depending on a weighted count of deprivations,‘c’, which -1 Using the harmonic mean of geometric means within groups captures the inequality between women and men and adjusts for association between dimensions. The geometric mean of the arithmetic mean for each indicator: is calculated based on the number of deprivations his or her household experiences. The weights to be assigned to each deprivation in the household are given in Table T.4. If the weighted count of deprivation ‘c’, exceeds 3 (i.e., if c>3), this G F,M = 3 Health x Empowerment x LFPR whereHealth = 1 MMR x 1 ( + 1 AFR )/ 2 Empowerment = (√ PR F + √ PR M) / 2 LFPR = LFPR F + LFPR M 2 Gender Inequality Index (GII) = 1 - HARM(G F , G M ) G F, M Multidimensional Poverty Index The MPI is an index of acute multidimensional poverty that has three dimensions: health, education and living standards. These are measured by 10 indicators. Each dimension and indicates that the household is deprived in some combination of indicators,the weighted sum of which exceeds 30 percent. The MPI thus requires a household to be deprived in multiple indicators at the same time. As deprived households have to be identified at the individual level, micro-data from national surveys are needed to compute the MPI. 170 sri lanka Human Development report 2012
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SriLankaHumanDevelopmentReport 2012
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Sri Lanka Human Development Report
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Acknowledgements This report would
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sri lanka Human Development report
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Access to water 89 Accessibility to
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Figure 1.1: Share of GDP by Provinc
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Table 2.1 Table 2.2: Table 2.3: Tab
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CHAPTER 1 Why Revisit Regional Dime
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spreading its fruits more equitably
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Negotiations are still ongoing to f
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Box 1.1 A Selected Summary of Damag
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Other Vulnerable Groups A number of
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education financing and the distrib
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CHAPTER 2 Patterns of Human Develop
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population. It accounts for inequal
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Regional Variations in the Human De
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Map 2.1: Human Development Index 20
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Gender Inequality Index Among distr
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Comparing Districts Across Indices
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14.5 percent in 2009-2010. As seen
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Economic Growth and Inequality Alth
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The poverty gap index, which measur
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half the headcount index. For the e
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What are the factors that push peop
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lowest incidence of both income and
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CHAPTER 3 Bridging Human Developmen
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disability of the heads of poor hou
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Infant Mortality and Under-five Mor
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and given three doses each of polio
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as the absence of illness, but also
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Box 3.2: Gender-based Violence The
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Figure 3.7: Distribution of Governm
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Figure 3.10: Medical Officers per 1
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While access to public health care
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Data on access in the Northern and
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People in Conflict-affected Areas F
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Levels)—mark the end of the senio
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Funding Education Public investment
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Figure 4.2: Distribution of Out-of-
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Male children are generally less li
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Deficits in information technology
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supports displaced children who ret
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Educational Performance: Senior Sec
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Building a Knowledge Economy Sri La
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Figure 4.10: Distribution of Univer
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offered by private institutions. 18
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twice the rate for the economy as a
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across geographic locations and by
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Box 5.1 Programmes to Improve Infra
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Figure 5.5: Extent (Ac) of Agricult
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towards constructing multipurpose r
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The length of national, provincial
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performs better in terms of mobile
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Technological advancements and tran
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Figure 5.12: Number of Fishers and
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CHAPTER 6 Bridging Governance Gaps:
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Figure 6.1: Sri Lanka’s Tax Reven
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When taxation becomes more visible,
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Table 6.2: The CPI: Comparing Count
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While the objective is laudable, it
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There has been progress on some ind
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to collect their own revenue throug
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the public sector in policy reform
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Table 6.6: Women in Elected Politic
Page 133 and 134: CHAPTER 7 Building on Peace, Progre
Page 135 and 136: This is a considerable task, but it
Page 137 and 138: The Ministry of Health in associati
Page 139 and 140: nationally and locally. The decline
Page 141 and 142: Notes sri lanka Human Development r
Page 143 and 144: 54 World Health Organization 2001.
Page 145 and 146: amount equivalent to 8 percent of G
Page 147 and 148: Bibliography sri lanka Human Develo
Page 149 and 150: ———. 2009e. Statistics databa
Page 151 and 152: Draft-13%2006%202010.pdf]. Last acc
Page 153 and 154: ———. 2008c. Land Reforms in S
Page 155 and 156: Table A2: Human Development Index a
Page 157 and 158: Table A4: Income Poverty, Multidime
Page 159 and 160: Table A6: Income Poverty and Measur
Page 161 and 162: Table A8: Demography, Land and Hous
Page 163 and 164: Table A10: Infant Mortality, Under-
Page 165 and 166: Table A12: Maternal Nutrition, Tota
Page 167 and 168: Table A14: Health Awareness Percent
Page 169 and 170: Table A16: Primary Gross Enrolment
Page 171 and 172: Table A18: Government Schools and S
Page 173 and 174: Table A20: Labour Force Labour forc
Page 175 and 176: Table A22: Unemployed Population Un
Page 177 and 178: Table A24: Household Possessions Co
Page 179 and 180: Table A26: Average Distance and Tim
Page 181 and 182: Technical Note sri lanka Human Deve
Page 183: HDI= (I Life Expectancy ) 1 / 3 ×
Page 187 and 188: Multidimensional poverty headcount(
Page 189 and 190: Figure T.2: Intensity of Poverty an
Page 191 and 192: of the total deprivations of poor p
Page 193: 178 sri lanka Human Development rep
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