Sri Lanka Human Development Report 2012.pdf

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CHAPTER 3 Bridging Human Development Gaps: Health Health for Human Development Health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being, regardless of race, religion, political belief, or economic or social condition. 52 Physical, emotional and mental health also plays a crucial role in making people productive members of society. The Commission on Macroeconomics and Health 53 identifies it as a central factor in economic development and poverty reduction, 54 while the World Health Organization notes that “health is the basis for job productivity, the capacity to learn in school, and improves the capability of individuals to grow intellectually, physically, and emotionally.” 55 The centrality of health to human development is reflected in its inclusion in the Human Development Index. 56 improve. Malaysia, the Republic of Korea and Singapore all have better basic health indicators than Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan women seem to be healthier than men in terms of life expectancy at birth. Until 1968, life expectancy for males was higher, but this advantage has been reversed in recent years. According to the latest available data, for 2000- 2002, life expectancy at birth is 8.4 years longer for women than men. 57 The reasons are not clear. Several factors could be involved, including lower maternal mortality rates, the higher prevalence of non-communicable diseases among men, and improved nutrition and education. Table 3.1: Comparison of Selected Health Indicators Country life expectancy Infant mortality Under-five Maternal at birth, 2009 rate,* 2009 mortality rate,** mortality rate,*** Singapore 82 2 3 9 Malaysia 73 6 6 31 Republic of Korea 80 5 5 18 China 74 17 19 38 Thailand 70 12 13 48 Philippines 70 26 33 94 Indonesia 68 30 39 240 Maldives 75 11 13 37 India 65 50 66 230 Pakistan 63 70 87 260 Bangladesh 65 41 52 340 Nepal 67 39 48 380 Myanmar 64 54 71 240 Sri Lanka 71 13 16 39 Notes: *:probability of dying by age one per 1,000 live births. **:probability of dying by age five per 1,000 live births. **:per 100,000 live births. Source: World Health Organization 2011. Sri Lanka’s national performance in health is good according to most basic indicators, such as life expectancy at birth, and maternity and infant mortality rates (Table 3.1). Compared to more advanced economies in the Asia- Pacific region, however, Sri Lanka’s performance can still While overall progess in health has been strong, there are still concerns, both longstanding and emerging. The analysis of multidimensional poverty in Chapter 2 (and also in the Technical Note at the end of this report) shows that malnutrition, child mortality, and chronic illnesses/ sri lanka Human Development report 2012 37
disability of the heads of poor households are problems burdening the poor in particular. At the same time, noncommunicable deseases, such as diabetes and hypertension, are on the rise, affecting both the rich and the poor. This chapter looks in more depth at some of the major issues at stake. Health Outcomes Malnutrition Reducing malnutrition is important for health reasons and because it affects many other aspects of peoples’ lives. Poor malnutrition hinders learning, burdens families with higher expenditures on health care, and can reduce productivity. 58 Factors relating to low food intake, frequent infections, hard physical labour, recurrent pregnancies and large families can lead to malnutrition. 59 Although Sri Lanka fares well in most basic health indicators compared to most developing countries, child nutrition is still a major problem, especially on estates (Figure 3.1). Across districts with available data, Badulla has the highest percentage of underweight children, followed by Trincomalee, Batticaloa, Monaragala, Polonnarura, Nuwara Eliya, Kandy and Anuradhapura. More than a quarter of the children are underweight in each of these districts. Figure 3.1: Underweight Children Under Five Years by District, 2006-2007 Note: Based on the World Health Organization Child Growth Standard. Source: Department of Census and Statistics of Sri Lanka 2009a. 38 sri lanka Human Development report 2012
Page 1 and 2: SriLankaHumanDevelopmentReport 2012
Page 3 and 4: Sri Lanka Human Development Report
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgements This report would
Page 7 and 8: sri lanka Human Development report
Page 9 and 10: Access to water 89 Accessibility to
Page 11 and 12: Figure 1.1: Share of GDP by Provinc
Page 13 and 14: Table 2.1 Table 2.2: Table 2.3: Tab
Page 15 and 16: CHAPTER 1 Why Revisit Regional Dime
Page 17 and 18: spreading its fruits more equitably
Page 19 and 20: Negotiations are still ongoing to f
Page 21 and 22: Box 1.1 A Selected Summary of Damag
Page 23 and 24: Other Vulnerable Groups A number of
Page 25 and 26: education financing and the distrib
Page 27 and 28: CHAPTER 2 Patterns of Human Develop
Page 29 and 30: population. It accounts for inequal
Page 31 and 32: Regional Variations in the Human De
Page 33 and 34: Map 2.1: Human Development Index 20
Page 35 and 36: Gender Inequality Index Among distr
Page 37 and 38: Comparing Districts Across Indices
Page 39 and 40: 14.5 percent in 2009-2010. As seen
Page 41 and 42: Economic Growth and Inequality Alth
Page 43 and 44: The poverty gap index, which measur
Page 45 and 46: half the headcount index. For the e
Page 47 and 48: What are the factors that push peop
Page 49 and 50: lowest incidence of both income and
Page 51: CHAPTER 3 Bridging Human Developmen
Page 55 and 56: Infant Mortality and Under-five Mor
Page 57 and 58: and given three doses each of polio
Page 59 and 60: as the absence of illness, but also
Page 61 and 62: Box 3.2: Gender-based Violence The
Page 63 and 64: Figure 3.7: Distribution of Governm
Page 65 and 66: Figure 3.10: Medical Officers per 1
Page 67 and 68: While access to public health care
Page 69 and 70: Data on access in the Northern and
Page 71 and 72: People in Conflict-affected Areas F
Page 73 and 74: CHAPTER 4 Bridging Human Developmen
Page 75 and 76: Levels)—mark the end of the senio
Page 77 and 78: Funding Education Public investment
Page 79 and 80: Figure 4.2: Distribution of Out-of-
Page 81 and 82: Male children are generally less li
Page 83 and 84: Deficits in information technology
Page 85 and 86: supports displaced children who ret
Page 87 and 88: Educational Performance: Senior Sec
Page 89 and 90: Building a Knowledge Economy Sri La
Page 91 and 92: Figure 4.10: Distribution of Univer
Page 93 and 94: offered by private institutions. 18
Page 95 and 96: CHAPTER 5 Bridging Human Developmen
Page 97 and 98: twice the rate for the economy as a
Page 99 and 100: across geographic locations and by
Page 101 and 102: Box 5.1 Programmes to Improve Infra
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Figure 5.5: Extent (Ac) of Agricult
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towards constructing multipurpose r
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The length of national, provincial
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performs better in terms of mobile
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Technological advancements and tran
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Figure 5.12: Number of Fishers and
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CHAPTER 6 Bridging Governance Gaps:
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Figure 6.1: Sri Lanka’s Tax Reven
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When taxation becomes more visible,
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Table 6.2: The CPI: Comparing Count
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While the objective is laudable, it
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There has been progress on some ind
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to collect their own revenue throug
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the public sector in policy reform
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Table 6.6: Women in Elected Politic
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CHAPTER 7 Building on Peace, Progre
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This is a considerable task, but it
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The Ministry of Health in associati
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nationally and locally. The decline
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Notes sri lanka Human Development r
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54 World Health Organization 2001.
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amount equivalent to 8 percent of G
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Bibliography sri lanka Human Develo
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———. 2009e. Statistics databa
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Draft-13%2006%202010.pdf]. Last acc
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———. 2008c. Land Reforms in S
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Table A2: Human Development Index a
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Table A4: Income Poverty, Multidime
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Table A6: Income Poverty and Measur
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Table A8: Demography, Land and Hous
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Table A10: Infant Mortality, Under-
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Table A12: Maternal Nutrition, Tota
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Table A14: Health Awareness Percent
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Table A16: Primary Gross Enrolment
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Table A18: Government Schools and S
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Table A20: Labour Force Labour forc
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Table A22: Unemployed Population Un
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Table A24: Household Possessions Co
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Table A26: Average Distance and Tim
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Technical Note sri lanka Human Deve
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HDI= (I Life Expectancy ) 1 / 3 ×
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where MMR=maternal mortality rate;
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Multidimensional poverty headcount(
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Figure T.2: Intensity of Poverty an
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of the total deprivations of poor p
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178 sri lanka Human Development rep
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