Sri Lanka Human Development Report 2012.pdf

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Access to water Poor irrigation seriously constrains land use and cropping intensities. The productivity of crops grown with irrigatation is often substantially higher than under rainfed conditions. 243 The yield of rice grown under minor irrigation schemes 244 was less than 8,000 kilogrammes per hectare during 2006-2010, for example, compared to 10,000 kilogrammes for cultivation under major irrigation schemes, which is a 25 percent increase (Figure 5.6). Lack of irrigation restricts diversification, crop switching, and the cultivation of new high-yielding and more profitable crops. In general, it limits the cultivation of any given crop throughout the year. 245 management, as the Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources Management has recognized. A more practical policy needs to be adopted with improved coordination between land use and water management at large, being pursued. 246 As with land, there are numerous policies, including more than 30 legislative acts, influencing water resources management. Many entities are involved, from national and provincial intuitions to grassroots groups to international organizations. Lack of understanding of the responsibilities of different actors and lack of clarity about the degrees of decentralization of different functions, have obstructed efficient management. 247 Figure 5.6: Average Rice Yields Under Different Water Regimes, 2006-2010 Source: Calculations based on Department of Census and Statistics of Sri Lanka n.d. The poor management of water resources is a major problem, resulting in unreliable supplies, particularly for farmers located furthest from the irrigation source. Water delivery policies are designed without much consultation with farmers about the optimal levels and frequency of water for different crops. This has constrained their ability to diversify from paddy to high-value crops, on top of which current water delivery systems are designed mainly for paddy cultivation. Much could be gained from more inclusive involvement of farmers in irrigation There are, however, some positive signs. The 2006-2016 Development Framework has singled out the improvement of water management and irrigation efficiency for special attention. New private-public partnerships are planned, as is the rehabilitation of 1,000 minor irrigation tanks. If these objectives can be achieved, they will go a long way to improve crop diversification and cropping intensities. 248 Public expenditure allocated on irrigation has already increased from Rs. 7.3 billion in 2006 to Rs. 10.6 billion in 2010, with recent investment directed Chapter 5 Bridging Human Development Gaps: Employment and Livelihoods 89
towards constructing multipurpose reservoirs. 9 major and 18 medium irrigation schemes began after 2006, on top of the completion of work that started beforehand. This facilitates cultivation of 26,000 hectares, benefitting 30,000 families. 249 Accessibility to economic centers Good quality infrastructure determines a region’s connectivity to economic centres. Infrastructure and connectivity are, in turn, two of the ingredients that boost an economy’s competitiveness and its ability to generate employment. 250 The World Bank, which views poor infrastructure as a key constraint to businesses in both urban and rural areas of Sri Lanka, found that geographic isolation and long travel times to Colombo are correlated with high poverty outside of the capital. 251 A well-functioning road network is important for both finished products and raw materials to reach markets. Overall, Sri Lanka’s road infrastructure is considered adequate in rural and urban areas. However, the road congestion -- in terms of number of vehicles per kilometer of road -- is somewhat high, at 90 vehicles per kilometer of road in year 2010. 252 This is considerably less than 232 and 165 vehicles per road kilometer in Singapore and Republic of Korea, respectively, for the year 2009. However, it is higher than in 5 and 8 vehicles per road kilometer in India and Pakistan respectively for the years of 2008 and 2009. 253 For accessibility, the availability of roads is as important as their capacity, but for rural roads, where capacity is less of an issue, availability is more important. Road density measured as the length per geographical area is commonly used as an index of availability. Density is lowest for the North Western and Sabaragamuwa provinces, and highest for the Central and Western provinces (Figure 5.7). The roads of the Western Province are more congested, as it has the highest population per kilometer of road, and the highest number of vehicles per kilometre of road. 90 sri lanka Human Development report 2012
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SriLankaHumanDevelopmentReport 2012
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Sri Lanka Human Development Report
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Acknowledgements This report would
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sri lanka Human Development report
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Access to water 89 Accessibility to
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Figure 1.1: Share of GDP by Provinc
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Table 2.1 Table 2.2: Table 2.3: Tab
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CHAPTER 1 Why Revisit Regional Dime
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spreading its fruits more equitably
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Negotiations are still ongoing to f
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Box 1.1 A Selected Summary of Damag
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Other Vulnerable Groups A number of
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education financing and the distrib
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CHAPTER 2 Patterns of Human Develop
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population. It accounts for inequal
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Regional Variations in the Human De
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Map 2.1: Human Development Index 20
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Gender Inequality Index Among distr
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Comparing Districts Across Indices
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14.5 percent in 2009-2010. As seen
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Economic Growth and Inequality Alth
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The poverty gap index, which measur
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half the headcount index. For the e
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What are the factors that push peop
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lowest incidence of both income and
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CHAPTER 3 Bridging Human Developmen
Page 53 and 54: disability of the heads of poor hou
Page 55 and 56: Infant Mortality and Under-five Mor
Page 57 and 58: and given three doses each of polio
Page 59 and 60: as the absence of illness, but also
Page 61 and 62: Box 3.2: Gender-based Violence The
Page 63 and 64: Figure 3.7: Distribution of Governm
Page 65 and 66: Figure 3.10: Medical Officers per 1
Page 67 and 68: While access to public health care
Page 69 and 70: Data on access in the Northern and
Page 71 and 72: People in Conflict-affected Areas F
Page 73 and 74: CHAPTER 4 Bridging Human Developmen
Page 75 and 76: Levels)—mark the end of the senio
Page 77 and 78: Funding Education Public investment
Page 79 and 80: Figure 4.2: Distribution of Out-of-
Page 81 and 82: Male children are generally less li
Page 83 and 84: Deficits in information technology
Page 85 and 86: supports displaced children who ret
Page 87 and 88: Educational Performance: Senior Sec
Page 89 and 90: Building a Knowledge Economy Sri La
Page 91 and 92: Figure 4.10: Distribution of Univer
Page 93 and 94: offered by private institutions. 18
Page 95 and 96: CHAPTER 5 Bridging Human Developmen
Page 97 and 98: twice the rate for the economy as a
Page 99 and 100: across geographic locations and by
Page 101 and 102: Box 5.1 Programmes to Improve Infra
Page 103: Figure 5.5: Extent (Ac) of Agricult
Page 107 and 108: The length of national, provincial
Page 109 and 110: performs better in terms of mobile
Page 111 and 112: Technological advancements and tran
Page 113 and 114: Figure 5.12: Number of Fishers and
Page 115 and 116: CHAPTER 6 Bridging Governance Gaps:
Page 117 and 118: Figure 6.1: Sri Lanka’s Tax Reven
Page 119 and 120: When taxation becomes more visible,
Page 121 and 122: Table 6.2: The CPI: Comparing Count
Page 123 and 124: While the objective is laudable, it
Page 125 and 126: There has been progress on some ind
Page 127 and 128: to collect their own revenue throug
Page 129 and 130: the public sector in policy reform
Page 131 and 132: Table 6.6: Women in Elected Politic
Page 133 and 134: CHAPTER 7 Building on Peace, Progre
Page 135 and 136: This is a considerable task, but it
Page 137 and 138: The Ministry of Health in associati
Page 139 and 140: nationally and locally. The decline
Page 141 and 142: Notes sri lanka Human Development r
Page 143 and 144: 54 World Health Organization 2001.
Page 145 and 146: amount equivalent to 8 percent of G
Page 147 and 148: Bibliography sri lanka Human Develo
Page 149 and 150: ———. 2009e. Statistics databa
Page 151 and 152: Draft-13%2006%202010.pdf]. Last acc
Page 153 and 154: ———. 2008c. Land Reforms in S
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Table A2: Human Development Index a
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Table A4: Income Poverty, Multidime
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Table A6: Income Poverty and Measur
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Table A8: Demography, Land and Hous
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Table A10: Infant Mortality, Under-
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Table A12: Maternal Nutrition, Tota
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Table A14: Health Awareness Percent
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Table A16: Primary Gross Enrolment
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Table A18: Government Schools and S
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Table A20: Labour Force Labour forc
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Table A22: Unemployed Population Un
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Table A24: Household Possessions Co
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Table A26: Average Distance and Tim
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Technical Note sri lanka Human Deve
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HDI= (I Life Expectancy ) 1 / 3 ×
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where MMR=maternal mortality rate;
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Multidimensional poverty headcount(
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Figure T.2: Intensity of Poverty an
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of the total deprivations of poor p
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178 sri lanka Human Development rep
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