Sri Lanka Human Development Report 2012.pdf

272 Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka
2011 b.
273 The World Bank 2007.
274 Amarasiri, Nagarajah and Perera
1995.
275 The World Bank 2003.
276 Wadduwage 2006.
277 The World Bank 2003.
278 Amarasiri,.Nagarajah and Perera
1995.
279 InfoDev 2008.
280 United Nations Development
Programme 2011b and Institute of
Policy Studies of Sri Lanka 2011c. The
latter study surveyed 2,000 households
from all eastern districts, and Vavuniya
and Mannar in the Northern Province.
281 Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka
2011c.
282 Ibid.
283 United Nations Development
Programme 2011b.
284 Ibid.
285 Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka
2011c.
286 Government of Sri Lanka, United Nations
and Partners 2011.
287 Government of Sri Lanka, United Nations
and Partners 2012.
288 Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka
2011c.
289 Ibid.
290 United Nations Development
Programme 2011b.
291 United Nations Development Programme
2011b, and Institute of Policy Studies of
Sri Lanka 2011c.
292 United Nations Development
Programme 2011b.
Chapter 6
293 Gallagher 2005.
294 Government of Sri Lanka 2009.
295 Brautigam et al. 2008.
296 Reviewed extensively in Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development
2008.
297 Ibid.
298 See, for example, Prichard 2009 and
Ross 2004.
299 Moore 2004a and 2004b.
300 Moore 2007b.
301 Indirect taxes in Sri Lanka include the
value-added tax (previously the goods
and services tax), the nation-building tax,
customs duties and other border taxes
such as port and airport levies, the
regional development levy and the social
responsibility levy; some were abolished
in the 2011 Budget.
302 World Bank 2011a.
303 The composite CPI draws upon surveys
of business people and assessments
done by country analysts. It ranks
countries in terms of the degree to which
corruption is perceived to exist among
public officials and politicians. Values
range from 0 to 10, with a lower value
indicating high perception of corruption,
and a higher value low perception.
304 Although Sri Lanka’s CPI rank has also
worsened, this could partly be due to the
increase in the sample size.
305 The CCI measures the extent to which
public power is exercised for private
gain. This includes both petty and grand
forms of corruption, as well as ‘capture’
of the state by elites and private actors.
The index is based on surveys of business
leaders, public opinion and assessments
by country analysts. Values range from
minus (-) 2.5 to 2.5, with higher values
indicating higher control of corruption;
conversely, lower values indicate higher
corruption.
306 This is based on a simple incremental
capital-output ratio calculation. Sri
Lanka’s ratio has been historically at a
level of about 5, which means that in
order to attain a 1 percent growth in
GDP, the country needs to invest at least
5 percent of GDP. Accordingly, if the
targeted growth rate is 8 percent, and
given recent improvements in capital
productivity that have reduced the ratio
to around 4.5 percent, the required level
of investment is 36 percent of GDP.
307 Lanka Business Online http://www.
lankabusinessonline.com/fullstory.
phpnid=1189483550.
308 Lanka Business Online 2011.
309 Registration, permits and licenses;
land access and property rights;
transparency and participation;
regulatory environment, compliance
and cost; infrastructure and business
services; tax administration, burden and
services; legal institutions and conflict
resolution; government attitude towards
business; informal charges, favouritism
and discrimination; and crime and
security.
310 Grindle 2007.
311 Following the Indo- Lanka Accord, the
13th Amendment to the Constitution
was signed in 1987. It introduced a
system of devolved government through
the establishment of provincial councils
312 Waidyasekera 2011.
313 Ibid.
314 Ministry of Finance and Planning 2010.
315 Based on unstructured interviews with
stakeholders at local government level,
including representatives from regional
chambers of commerce and traders’
associations across five provinces.
316 Institute of Constitutional Studies
2010.
317 These issues have been extensively
discussed in Institute of Policy Studies of
Sri Lanka 2006 and 2008.
318 Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka
2008, p. 164.
319 Institute of Constitutional Studies
2010.
320 Kodikara 2009.
321 Ibid.
322 Women and Media Collective 2011, p.
20.
223 Kodikara 2009.
224 Ibid.
325 Women and Media Collective 2011, p.
21.
Chapter 7
326 Langer 2005.
327 Stewart 2002.
328 Collier, Hoeffler and Rohner 2009.
329 Sometimes information records the
place of death rather than the residence
of the deceased. As Colombo and Kandy
both have large hospitals, many critically
ill are brought there for treatment.
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