Sri Lanka Human Development Report 2012.pdf

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ural enterprises. Cash in hand and borrowing from family and friends provide the biggest share of funds for them. 260 Since financial institutions are extremely risk-averse, they can be reluctant to finance agricultural investments, which is one barrier to improving output. Credits for crops other than tea, rubber and paddy are negligible (Figure 5.8). This hinders innovation, diversification into high-value crops and adaptation of technologies to boost productivity. For small businesses, access to finance can be constrained by low financial literacy, including the lack of skills in developing feasible business plans and adhering to loan application procedures. There is a need to both build awareness, and simplify procedures and rules. 261 To tackle some of these problems, the Central Bank of Sri Lanka, after consultation with a cross-section of stakeholders, drafted the Microfinance Institution Act, with a series of amendments now under review. The government has provided funding for microfinance through government institutions such as the National Development Trust Fund and the state banks. Access to information and communication Information and communications technology infrastructure provides access to technology, knowledge and innovation; facilitates new management and Figure 5.8: Commercial Banks: Sectoral Distribution of Loans and Advances Granted to agriculture and Fishing, 2010 Source: Central Bank of Sri Lanka 2010 The supply of non-financial services, such as technical advice, through microfinance institutions is low. Where these services are provided, they are typically limited in range and quality. 262 Several ministries, departments and government acts control the operations of microfinance organizations, making the regulatory framework fragmented and confusing. This discourages investment in microfinance, as do restrictions on the mobilization of savings. organizational systems; and opens doors to markets and global value chains. 263 Although telecommunication services have improved over the years, they are not yet adequate to support sustained, robust enterprise development. Mobile and wireless services have rapidly increased, to the point where the entire country is connected. Sri Lanka Chapter 5 Bridging Human Development Gaps: Employment and Livelihoods 93
performs better in terms of mobile subscriptions than other South Asian countries, as well as some other countries in the Asia-Pacific region (Figure 5.9) 264 As of 2008, there were 83 mobile subscriptions for every 1,000 persons in Sri Lanka, compared to 46 in Bangladesh, 64 in China and 64 in India. Sri Lanka still has far to go, however, to catch up with the Maldives at 156 and Vietnam at 177. The relatively high density of mobile subscriptions is the result of telecommunications reforms that happened much earlier than in other countries in South Asia. These encouraged high private sector participation, which increased the number of service providers, both fixed provinces had the highest percentage of households without access in 2009-2010. In the Eastern Province, for example, 36.5 percent of households were not connected by either a fixed line or a mobile phone service; the Northern Province, with 34.9 percent of households without any form of connectivity, follows closely behind. The Western Province is the most densely connected region: About 14 percent of households are not connected. Only the North Central Province, where the gap is 21.7 percent, comes close to this connectivity density (Figure 5.10). Still, connectivity is considerably better than in 2006, when more than 70 percent of households did not have telecommunications services. 265 Figure 5.9: Mobile Cellular Subscriptions by Country, 2008 Source: The World Bank n.d.. line and mobile. Because mobile technology was cheaper, services expanded to rural areas, reducing gaps with urban areas. Despite overall improvement, access to telecommunication services is not uniform across the country. The Northern, Eastern, Uva and Sabaragamuwa Except for the Western Province, all other regions lack significant access to Internet/email services. A 2008 report by InfoDev emphasized this as a major constraint to human development in rural areas, preventing new opportunities such as cyber-extension services for agriculture. 266 It noted that the use of information and communications technology for rural livelihoods is almost non-existent. 94 sri lanka Human Development report 2012
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SriLankaHumanDevelopmentReport 2012
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Sri Lanka Human Development Report
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Acknowledgements This report would
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sri lanka Human Development report
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Access to water 89 Accessibility to
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Figure 1.1: Share of GDP by Provinc
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Table 2.1 Table 2.2: Table 2.3: Tab
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CHAPTER 1 Why Revisit Regional Dime
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spreading its fruits more equitably
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Negotiations are still ongoing to f
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Box 1.1 A Selected Summary of Damag
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Other Vulnerable Groups A number of
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education financing and the distrib
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CHAPTER 2 Patterns of Human Develop
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population. It accounts for inequal
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Regional Variations in the Human De
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Map 2.1: Human Development Index 20
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Gender Inequality Index Among distr
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Comparing Districts Across Indices
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14.5 percent in 2009-2010. As seen
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Economic Growth and Inequality Alth
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The poverty gap index, which measur
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half the headcount index. For the e
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What are the factors that push peop
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lowest incidence of both income and
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CHAPTER 3 Bridging Human Developmen
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disability of the heads of poor hou
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Infant Mortality and Under-five Mor
Page 57 and 58: and given three doses each of polio
Page 59 and 60: as the absence of illness, but also
Page 61 and 62: Box 3.2: Gender-based Violence The
Page 63 and 64: Figure 3.7: Distribution of Governm
Page 65 and 66: Figure 3.10: Medical Officers per 1
Page 67 and 68: While access to public health care
Page 69 and 70: Data on access in the Northern and
Page 71 and 72: People in Conflict-affected Areas F
Page 73 and 74: CHAPTER 4 Bridging Human Developmen
Page 75 and 76: Levels)—mark the end of the senio
Page 77 and 78: Funding Education Public investment
Page 79 and 80: Figure 4.2: Distribution of Out-of-
Page 81 and 82: Male children are generally less li
Page 83 and 84: Deficits in information technology
Page 85 and 86: supports displaced children who ret
Page 87 and 88: Educational Performance: Senior Sec
Page 89 and 90: Building a Knowledge Economy Sri La
Page 91 and 92: Figure 4.10: Distribution of Univer
Page 93 and 94: offered by private institutions. 18
Page 95 and 96: CHAPTER 5 Bridging Human Developmen
Page 97 and 98: twice the rate for the economy as a
Page 99 and 100: across geographic locations and by
Page 101 and 102: Box 5.1 Programmes to Improve Infra
Page 103 and 104: Figure 5.5: Extent (Ac) of Agricult
Page 105 and 106: towards constructing multipurpose r
Page 107: The length of national, provincial
Page 111 and 112: Technological advancements and tran
Page 113 and 114: Figure 5.12: Number of Fishers and
Page 115 and 116: CHAPTER 6 Bridging Governance Gaps:
Page 117 and 118: Figure 6.1: Sri Lanka’s Tax Reven
Page 119 and 120: When taxation becomes more visible,
Page 121 and 122: Table 6.2: The CPI: Comparing Count
Page 123 and 124: While the objective is laudable, it
Page 125 and 126: There has been progress on some ind
Page 127 and 128: to collect their own revenue throug
Page 129 and 130: the public sector in policy reform
Page 131 and 132: Table 6.6: Women in Elected Politic
Page 133 and 134: CHAPTER 7 Building on Peace, Progre
Page 135 and 136: This is a considerable task, but it
Page 137 and 138: The Ministry of Health in associati
Page 139 and 140: nationally and locally. The decline
Page 141 and 142: Notes sri lanka Human Development r
Page 143 and 144: 54 World Health Organization 2001.
Page 145 and 146: amount equivalent to 8 percent of G
Page 147 and 148: Bibliography sri lanka Human Develo
Page 149 and 150: ———. 2009e. Statistics databa
Page 151 and 152: Draft-13%2006%202010.pdf]. Last acc
Page 153 and 154: ———. 2008c. Land Reforms in S
Page 155 and 156: Table A2: Human Development Index a
Page 157 and 158: Table A4: Income Poverty, Multidime
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Table A6: Income Poverty and Measur
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Table A8: Demography, Land and Hous
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Table A10: Infant Mortality, Under-
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Table A12: Maternal Nutrition, Tota
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Table A14: Health Awareness Percent
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Table A16: Primary Gross Enrolment
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Table A18: Government Schools and S
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Table A20: Labour Force Labour forc
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Table A22: Unemployed Population Un
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Table A24: Household Possessions Co
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Table A26: Average Distance and Tim
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Technical Note sri lanka Human Deve
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HDI= (I Life Expectancy ) 1 / 3 ×
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where MMR=maternal mortality rate;
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Multidimensional poverty headcount(
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Figure T.2: Intensity of Poverty an
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of the total deprivations of poor p
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178 sri lanka Human Development rep
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