Sri Lanka Human Development Report 2012.pdf

amount equivalent to 8 percent of GDP.
Remittances have been an important
source of external finance, helping
to balance the trade deficit. They
have also helped to increase national
savings (Arunatilake, Jayawardena and
Weerakoon 2011).
213 Estimated based on Department of
Census and Statistics of Sri Lanka
2010c.
214 Ukwatta 2010.
215 Information on the informal sector
is available only since 2006. But the
proportion of own account workers and
unpaid family workers, who are mostly
in the informal sector, has remained
around 40 percent since 1990
(Department of Census and Statistics of
Sri Lanka 2010a).
216 International Labour
Organization 2011.
217 Vodopivec 2004.
218 Someone is considered to be among the
working poor if that person is working
and living in a poor household. Estimated
based on Department of Census and
Statistics of Sri Lanka 2010c.
219 Ibid.
220 Data for this analysis were
taken from the Department of Census
and Statistics of Sri Lanka 2010a. The
analysis excludes the Northern and
Eastern provinces, as data were not
available during the conflict.
221 Central Bank of Sri Lanka 2010.
222 International Food Policy Research
Institute (IFPRI). 2011.
223 Samaratunga and Marawila 2009.
224 Ministry of Finance and Planning 2011.
225 Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka,
Department of Census and Statistics
of Sri Lanka and the Samurdhi Division
2008.
226 Ibid.
227 Ibid.
228 Ministry of Finance and Planning 2011.
229 Out of the poor households in the country,
45 percent are in the agricultural sector
(Department of Census and Statistics of
Sri Lanka 2009f.)
230 Mapa et al. 2002.
231 The legislation referred to is the
Inheritance Law, which identifies a
specific successor of land, under the
Land Development Ordinance (Institute
of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka 2004).
232 All other holdings not falling into the
category of estates were defined as
smallholdings. These are below 20 acres
(Department of Census and Statistics of
Sri Lanka 2002a).
233 Holdings of less than or equal to 40
perches (0.10 hectares) of agricultural
land are mainly used for home
consumption (ibid.).
234 Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka
2004.
235 A home garden was defined as a piece
of land that has a dwelling house and
some form of cultivation, and has a total
area of up to 20 perches. If the land is
more than 20 perches, has a dwelling
house and has some form of cultivation
largely for home consumption, it was still
considered a home garden. (Department
of Census and Statistics 2002a)
236 Department of Census and Statistics of
Sri Lanka 2002a.
237 Ibid.
238 The World Bank 2008c.
239 Ibid.
240 Department of Census and Statistics of
Sri Lanka 2002a.
241 Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka
2008.
242 Jayawardena and Weerasena 2000.
243 By 2007, about 29 percent of the rice
in Sri Lanka was cultivated under rainfed
conditions (Ministry of Irrigation and
Water Resource Management of Sri
Lanka 2010).
244 Minor irrigation systems are usually
associated with a village, and are
managed by the local government and
maintained by local communities.
245 Ministry of Irrigation and Water
Resource Management 2010.
246 Ibid.
247 Ibid.
248 Ibid.
249 Ministry of Finance and Planning 2011.
250 Yumkella et al. 2011.
251 The study uses the accessibility index
to measure geographic isolation. The
index is a measure of potential market
integration (based on road networks and
the location of major cities). According
to the index, the Western Province has
good access to business opportunities
(The World Bank 2005).
252 Calculations based on Central Bank of
Sri Lanka 2011.
253 The World Bank. n.d.
254 Central Bank of Sri Lanka 2011.
255 Ministry of Finance and Planning 2011.
256 Ibid.
257 The World Bank 2005.
258 German Technical Cooperation 2008.
259 The World Bank 2005.
260 Ibid.
261 Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka
2011b.
262 Tilakaratna, Wickramasinghe and
Kumara 2005, and Tilakaratna,
Galappattige and Perera 2009.
263 Yumkella at al. 2011.
264 Based on The World Bank n.d.
265 Based on analysis of Department of
Census and Statistics of Sri Lanka
2011d.
266 Cyber-extension is an initiative whereby
farmers can use interactive CDs,
email and Internet facilities to access
information, and communicate and
obtain advice and assistance in solving
their farming problems (InfoDev 2008).
267 Information technology literacy is the
knowledge and ability to use computers
and related technology efficiently. The
Department of Census and Statistics
defines a person as computer literate
if he/she could do something on his/
her own using a computer (Department
of Census and Statistics of Sri Lanka
2009b).
268 Ibid.
269 InfoDev 2008.
270 Causes of rice yield gaps are related to
biophysical factors, cultural practices,
socioeconomic conditions, institutional
and policy thrusts, or levels of technology
transfer and linkages (Food and
Agriculture Organization 2004).
271 The introduction of high-yielding varieties
of seeds, and the increased use of
fertilizers and irrigation are known
collectively as the Green Revolution.
130
sri lanka Human Development report 2012