Sri Lanka Human Development Report 2012.pdf

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Foreword Human development is about fostering an environment where people can realize their potential, have more choices open to them and live long, healthy and productive lives. UNDP has produced Human Development Reports (HDRs) since 1990 and these reports take human dimensions into consideration when measuring development. Thus not only income variables but also other variables such as education and health are deemed imperative for the development of a country. These reports capture a perspective of development that transcends conventional growth indicators such as GDP and GNI, which are often used to gauge the economic changes of a particular country. In parallel to global HDRs, individual countries have been producing National Human Development Reports (NHDRs), reflecting country level issues that have an impact on human development. The first NHDR for Sri Lanka was prepared more than a decade ago, in 1998. Sri Lanka is at present in a new phase of development, facing a different set of challenges, compared to several years ago. It has entered the league of middle income countries and is set to achieve nearly all the Millennium Development Goals by 2015. However, these achievements are also accompanied by enormous challenges. Years of civil strife have left several provinces lagging in terms of social indicators, suitable living conditions and livelihood opportunities. Development opportunities are skewed towards a few urban centers, resulting in migration to cities and poor living standards in several rural provinces. Prevailing inequalities and disparities have adversely impacted the growth potential as well as the equitable human development of all people living in the country. With the conflict ending more than three years ago and Sri Lanka progressing towards new development horizons, producing the second NHDR is considered timely and opportune. This NHDR specifically focuses on issues of disparity and inequality that prevail in the country. It captures the regional imbalances in Sri Lanka’s development in relation to the quality of and access to health services, education facilities, opportunities for economic participation and governance for equitable human development. The report identifies factors driving inequality and proposes an agenda of action to bridge these disparities. Information generated through the Household Income Expenditure Survey, is used to highlight inequalities that prevail in dimensions such as poverty, education, health, employment, women’s empowerment and governance. This lends to a rich and current analysis of data, which can be used to develop policy. We believe this report will generate discussions and debates that support Sri Lanka’s drive towards a more equitable society; with environmental sustainability at its core. It is hoped that this NHDR will serve as the foundation for joint Government and development partner engagement, bolstering the collaboration so essential to addressing regional disparities and targeting vulnerable and disadvantaged groups. UNDP stands committed to leading, in partnership with the Government, the dissemination of the NHDR, subsequent advocacy efforts and the development of programming initiatives. Subinay Nandy UN Resident Coordinator and UNDP Resident Representative The analysis and policy recommendations of this Report do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Development Programme. The Report is an independent publication commissioned by UNDP. The research and writing of the Report was undertaken by the Institute of Policy Studies (IPS), Sri Lanka. sri lanka Human Development report 2012 iii
Acknowledgements This report would not have been possible without the assistance and support received from various individuals and organizations. We take this opportunity to thank them for making these valuable contributions. National Advisory / Steering Committee The National Advisory Committee deserves special thanks for its leadership throughout the process of completion of this report. In that context, we would like to thank, Mr. H.M. Gunasekara (Former Director General of the National Planning Department), Dr. B.M.S. Batagoda Deputy Secretary to the Treasury, Prof. W.D. Lakshman, Former Advisor, Ministry of Finance, Ms. Anuradha Rajivan, Head HDR Unit, UNDP Asia Pacific Regional Center (APRC), Bangkok, Prof. K. Siddihisena, Head Department of Demography, University of Colombo, Ms. Priyanthi Fernando, Executive Director, Center for Poverty Analysis, Dr. Anura Ekanayaka, Former Chairman, Ceylon Chamber of Commerce and Mrs. Suranjana Vidyaratne, Director General, Department of Census and Statistics. While attending various meetings including the stake holder consultations, the Committee has been supportive in reviewing several drafts and commenting substantively. In particular, we wish to acknowledge the detailed substantive comments provided by the National Planning Department that contributed to improving the quality of the report. We would also like to thank the Department of Census and Statistics, especially, Mrs. Suranjana Vidyaratne, Director General and Mr. G.Y.L. Fernando, Additional Director General, for making available to the research team the primary data set from the 2009/2010 Household Income Expenditure Survey (HIES). The availability of this data made the information and analysis very current and policy relevant. We would also like to specially thank Ms. Anuradha Rajivan and her team including Mr. Bishwa Nath Tiwari, Ms. Elena Borsatti, Mr. Omar Siddique, Mr. Niranjan Sarangi and Ms. Rohini Kohli at the UNDP Asia Pacific Regional Center HDR Unit. The team supported us from day one in conceptualizing the report, guiding us on the procedures and providing substantive inputs which are greatly appreciated. Contributors We greatly appreciate the excellent work done by the Institute of Policy Studies (IPS) in undertaking extensive research and analysis that made the preparation of this report possible, and are pleased to acknowledge the team of authors and key contributors. The team was led by: 1. Dr. Nisha Arunatilake, as the lead author with background papers and contributions by the IPS team including: 2. Mr. Wimal Nanayakkara (chapter 2 and technical note), 3. Ms. Sunimalee Madurawala (background paper for chapter 3), 4. Ms. Priyanka Jayawardena (chapter 4, statistical appendix and inputs for chapter 3 and on the construction of indices), 5. Ms. Ayodya Galappattige (background paper for chapter 5), and 6. Mr. Anushka Wijesinha (chapter 6). Inputs by Dr. Saman Kelegama, IPS (research guidance and support), Dr. Dushni Weerakoon, IPS (inputs on chapter 1), Dr. Parakrama Samaratunga, IPS (inputs for chapter 5), Dr. Amala De Silva, University of Colombo (inputs for chapter 3) and Dr. Susie Perera, Ministry of Health (inputs for chapter 3) are also acknowledged. The team is also grateful to Ms. Maria Emma Santos and Mr. Suman Seth, Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative, for assistance with constructing indices, to Mr. D. Amarasinghe for compiling the GDP data at district level and to Ms. Tiloka de Silva for research assistance and analysis of indices. iv sri lanka Human Development report 2012
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Page 9 and 10: Access to water 89 Accessibility to
Page 11 and 12: Figure 1.1: Share of GDP by Provinc
Page 13 and 14: Table 2.1 Table 2.2: Table 2.3: Tab
Page 15 and 16: CHAPTER 1 Why Revisit Regional Dime
Page 17 and 18: spreading its fruits more equitably
Page 19 and 20: Negotiations are still ongoing to f
Page 21 and 22: Box 1.1 A Selected Summary of Damag
Page 23 and 24: Other Vulnerable Groups A number of
Page 25 and 26: education financing and the distrib
Page 27 and 28: CHAPTER 2 Patterns of Human Develop
Page 29 and 30: population. It accounts for inequal
Page 31 and 32: Regional Variations in the Human De
Page 33 and 34: Map 2.1: Human Development Index 20
Page 35 and 36: Gender Inequality Index Among distr
Page 37 and 38: Comparing Districts Across Indices
Page 39 and 40: 14.5 percent in 2009-2010. As seen
Page 41 and 42: Economic Growth and Inequality Alth
Page 43 and 44: The poverty gap index, which measur
Page 45 and 46: half the headcount index. For the e
Page 47 and 48: What are the factors that push peop
Page 49 and 50: lowest incidence of both income and
Page 51 and 52: CHAPTER 3 Bridging Human Developmen
Page 53 and 54: disability of the heads of poor hou
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Infant Mortality and Under-five Mor
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and given three doses each of polio
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as the absence of illness, but also
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Box 3.2: Gender-based Violence The
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Figure 3.7: Distribution of Governm
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Figure 3.10: Medical Officers per 1
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While access to public health care
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Data on access in the Northern and
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People in Conflict-affected Areas F
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CHAPTER 4 Bridging Human Developmen
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Levels)—mark the end of the senio
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Funding Education Public investment
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Figure 4.2: Distribution of Out-of-
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Male children are generally less li
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Deficits in information technology
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supports displaced children who ret
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Educational Performance: Senior Sec
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Building a Knowledge Economy Sri La
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Figure 4.10: Distribution of Univer
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offered by private institutions. 18
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CHAPTER 5 Bridging Human Developmen
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twice the rate for the economy as a
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across geographic locations and by
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Box 5.1 Programmes to Improve Infra
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Figure 5.5: Extent (Ac) of Agricult
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towards constructing multipurpose r
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The length of national, provincial
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performs better in terms of mobile
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Technological advancements and tran
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Figure 5.12: Number of Fishers and
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CHAPTER 6 Bridging Governance Gaps:
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Figure 6.1: Sri Lanka’s Tax Reven
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When taxation becomes more visible,
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Table 6.2: The CPI: Comparing Count
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While the objective is laudable, it
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There has been progress on some ind
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to collect their own revenue throug
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the public sector in policy reform
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Table 6.6: Women in Elected Politic
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CHAPTER 7 Building on Peace, Progre
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This is a considerable task, but it
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The Ministry of Health in associati
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nationally and locally. The decline
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Notes sri lanka Human Development r
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54 World Health Organization 2001.
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amount equivalent to 8 percent of G
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Bibliography sri lanka Human Develo
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———. 2009e. Statistics databa
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Draft-13%2006%202010.pdf]. Last acc
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———. 2008c. Land Reforms in S
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Table A2: Human Development Index a
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Table A4: Income Poverty, Multidime
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Table A6: Income Poverty and Measur
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Table A8: Demography, Land and Hous
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Table A10: Infant Mortality, Under-
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Table A12: Maternal Nutrition, Tota
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Table A14: Health Awareness Percent
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Table A16: Primary Gross Enrolment
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Table A18: Government Schools and S
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Table A20: Labour Force Labour forc
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Table A22: Unemployed Population Un
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Table A24: Household Possessions Co
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Table A26: Average Distance and Tim
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Technical Note sri lanka Human Deve
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HDI= (I Life Expectancy ) 1 / 3 ×
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where MMR=maternal mortality rate;
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Multidimensional poverty headcount(
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Figure T.2: Intensity of Poverty an
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of the total deprivations of poor p
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178 sri lanka Human Development rep
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