Defence Forces Review 2008

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The Process of Reform in United Nations Peace Operations of enabling units. The establishment of the Department of Field Support at UN Headquarters should enhance the procurement, support and accountability of logistics support services to all field missions. Ac h i e v i n g Mo r e Ra p i d De p l o y m e n t The ability to deploy troops rapidly is a problem that has beset the United Nations for many years and for which no satisfactory solution has been found. While much progress has been made in incorporating the different recommendations of the Brahimi Report, an improvement in rapid deployment has not been one of them. The report gave some attention to this issue and the ensuing Secretary General’s Report referred to using “the timelines proposed by the Panel as the basis for evaluating the capacity of our existing systems to provide field missions with the human, material, financial and information assets that they require” . 16 However, while attempts have been made to address this dilemma, the majority of initiatives have either been focussed on specific functional areas such as Strategic Deployment Stocks, or they have been so general as to be largely ineffective such as the Standby Arrangement System. The problem has been exacerbated by the need for properly structured, fully equipped, self-sustained and appropriately trained forces the like of which are found in relatively few countries. While there have been no shortage of offers of Infantry units such as Companies and Battalions from Member States, the provision of enabling assets have been very difficult to achieve and in many cases many missions have deployed short of these critical enablers. 17 The United Nations Stand-by Arrangement System (UNSAS) has simply not worked. While UNSAS might help identify potential Troop Contributing Countries (TCCs) it is still subject to the standard procedures of force generation. What is needed is a high readiness version on the principle of matching potential TCCs against potential requirements that have been identified, and their placing troops and assets at an agreed state of readiness for a specified period, and receiving reimbursement for that capability. This might eventually lead to meeting the aspirations of coherent brigade sized forces as proposed in the Brahimi Report. This issue is a priority for DPKO both in terms of improved deployment timelines and strategic reserves. Despite the many shortcomings of the United Nations it continues to act as the only truly global organisation. It has been actively engaged in a vast array of work that touches every aspect of people’s lives around the world, often in ways unknown to the average citizen. Despite the many problems in finding the correct number and mix of troop contributors, staffing, logistics and resources for its many and varied peacekeeping operations there have been many successes. A recent Rand Institute Study found that UN peacekeeping efforts have been largely successful. “UN missions are nearly always undermanned and under funded, with uneven troop quality and late-arriving components. But despite these handicaps, the UN success rate among missions studied- seven out of eight societies left peaceful, six out of eight left democratic- substantiates the view that nation-building can be an effective means of terminating conflicts, insuring against their reoccurrence, and promoting democracy.” 18 133
Defence Forces Review 2008 Fo o t n o t e s 1 “The Reform Process of United Nations Peace Operations”: Debriefing and Lessons (page 17) published by Kluwer Law International 2001. 2 Sergio De Mello later became UN Commissioner for Human Rights. He was killed, along with 21 other UN staff, in a terrorist attack on the UN Headquarters in Baghdad, where he was the Secretary General’s Special Representative. 3 Of the 45 participants only four were military, including the author, who was School Commandant UNTSI at the time. It was unfortunate that there were so few military officers with peacekeeping experience at this conference 4 Report of the Secretary General on the Implementation of The Report of the Panel on UN Peace Operations: A/55/305-S2000/809 August 2000: Department of Public Information 5 United Nations Under-Secretary General for Special Assignments and a former Foreign Minister of Algeria. 6 Implementation of the Recommendations of The Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations and the Panel on UN Peace Operations: Report of the Secretary General: A/55/977: UN department of Public Information. 7 Resource Requirements for Implementation of The Report of the Panel on UN Peace Operations: A/55/507: UN Department of Public Information. 8 Report of the secretary General to the General Assembly on the Financing of the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations 2006: A/60/696: UN Department of Public Information. 9 General Assembly GA/10602 June 2007: UN Department of Public Information. 10 With the establishment of the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic of Chad (MINURCAT) in September 2007 the UN has launched a total of 63 peacekeeping operations since 1948. It currently has 102,118 personnel deployed in 17 field missions, covering 4 continents and across 12 time zones. There are 119 TCCs and the approved budget for the year to June 2008 is almost $6.8 billion. This represents about 0.5% of global military spending: UN Department of Public Information DPI 1634/Rev 79: 2008. 11 The Military Division of DPKO was frequently frustrated by these factors, when trying to fill vacancies within the division. This caused totally unnecessary delays in the selection process. 12 Much of the groundwork undertaken on the establishment of the Integrated Training Service was carried out by Lt Col Michael McDermott, who at that time was acting chief of the ITS. 13 A/59/710: UN Department of Public Information. 2005. 14 “Annual Review of Global Peace Operations 2006” (pagexiii): A project of The Center on International Cooperation. 15 Joint Operations Centres and Joint Mission Analysis Centres: UN/DPKO/POL/2006/3000/04 July 2006. 16 Military Division’s Draft Report on Achieving More Rapid Deployment: 2004 17 UNOCI, which was deployed in April 2004 was still deficient its helicopter unit in April 2006. Such deficiencies are not only confined to UN operations but other regional organizations as well, ie the EU. 18 “The UN’s Role in Nation-Building: From The Congo to Iraq”: Rand Corporation 2005 134
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Defence Forces Review 2008

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