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onto the target in order to relieve oneself of a deep sense of guilt.
Historically, racism within the same racial group was paradoxically
the most virulent and malignant as in the case of anti-Semitism.
For the unwanted character parts projected by the white onto
another white may easily boomerang, especially with the
assimilation of the victim. The return of his own guilt is felt as
extremely dangerous by the racist who then tries either to
exterminate or to expel the target group. By contrast, the skin
colour which constitutes a barrier contains the projected material,
hence stable, though very painful, racism against the black.
Some countries consider human rights central to their foreign
policy. In our age this is understandable. It is a well-known fact,
however, that racism particularly adversely affects friendly
relations between peoples and countries. If other countries which
are affected by racism also conducted their foreign policies in the
light of racists' violations of human rights, there could be a
dislocation in international relations.
In this context, one can object and say that racist acts are
committed mostly by individuals and groups, not by States, hence
racism as such does not conform to the traditional definition of
human rights violation. Nevertheless, all UN General Assembly
resolutions on racism including the one on the special rapporteur
consider racist acts as grave violations of human rights, regardless
of their source. Article 1 of the UN Declaration on the Elimination
of Racial Discrimination refers to racial discrimination as violation
in the same way. Article 30 of the Universal Declaration does not
distinguish individuals, groups and States with respect to the
destruction of human rights and freedoms. The UN General
Assembly Resolution 48/122 condemns terrorism as human rights
violation, although terrorism is committed by individuals and
groups as well.
What is really important to the victim is the fact that his or her
human rights are violated. Who has violated these rights is
gradually losing its relevance. The international community
increasingly condemns the authors of the violation, whoever they
may be, States, individuals or groups in the broad sense of the
word.
This is particularly important in racism, because, usually, a
group of the majority commits racist acts against a minority. One
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