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Skelton, P.H., Bruton, M.N., Merron, G.S. & van der Waal, B.C.W. 1985. The fishes of the Okavango drainage system in Angola, South West Africa (now Namibia) and Botswana: taxonomy and distribution. Ichthyological Bulletin. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, South Africa, No. 50. 21pp. SMEC & Ninham Shand, 2003. Botswana National Master Plan for wastewater and sanitation. Department of Sanitation and Waste Management. Spaninks, F. & van Beukering, P. 1997. Economic valuation of mangrove ecosystems: potential and limitations. CREED Working Paper No. 14. IIED and IVM-VU. Tawana Land Board 2006. Okavango Delta Ramsar Site Land Use and Land Management Plan (2005 – 2029). Final report. Prepared by Plantec Africa in association with MTK Planning Solutions and Lesedi Consulting Engineers. Terry, E. 1984. A survey of basket makers, Etsha, Ngamiland, Botswana. Botswana Marketing Company and Ministry of Commerce and Industry. 62pp. Terry, E. 1986. The basket industry of Gomare and Tubu. Botswana Marketing Company and Ministry of Commerce and Industry. 62pp. Thurlow, J. 2006. A 2002/03 social accounting matrix for Botswana. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA. Tlou, T. 1985. A history of Ngamiland – 1750 to 1906 – the formation of an African state. Macmillan, Gaborone, Botswana. Turpie, J.K. 2000. The use and value of natural resources of the Rufiji floodplain and delta, Tanzania. Unpublished Report. IUCN- East Africa. Regional Office. Nairobi, Kenya. 108pp. Turpie, J. K. 2003. The existence value of biodiversity in South Africa: how interest, experience, knowledge, income and perceived level of threat influence local willingness to pay. Ecological Economics 46: 199-216. Turpie, J.K. & Egoh, B. 2003. Contribution of natural resources to rural livelihoods around Lake Liambezi and Bukalo Channel, eastern Caprivi and impacts of proposed agricultural developments and artificial recharge of the lake. Report to Afridev, for the Government of Namibia Turpie, J., Smith, B., Emerton, L., & Barnes, J. 1999. Economic value of the Zambezi basin wetlands. Report to IUCN. ULG Northumbrian Ltd. 2001. Economic analysis of commercial consumptive use of wildlife in Botswana. Botswana Wildlife Management Association (BWMA), Maun, Botswana. 49pp. UN, EC, IMF, OECD & WB. 2003. Integrated environmental and economic accounting, final draft. Weber, J-L. 2006. Implementation of land and ecosystem accounts at the European Environment Agency. Unpublished Paper, <strong>Environmental</strong> Accounting & Spatial Assessment, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark. 20pp. Welcomme, R.K. 1992. The conservation and environmental management of fisheries in inland and coastal waters. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 42: 176-189. Wilson, B.H. & T. Dincer, 1976. An introduction to hydrology and hydrography of the Okavango Delta. In Botswana Society, 1976. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Okavango Delta, pp. 33- 47. Wolski, P., Murray-Hudson, M., Savenije, H., & Gumbricht, T. 2005. Modelling of the hydrology of the Okavango Delta. Water and Ecosystem Resources for Regional Development. Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre, University of Botswana. World Bank 1998 Economic analysis and environmental assessment. <strong>Environmental</strong> Assessment Sourcebook Update 23: 14. 88
12 GLOSSARY Abstraction – pumping water from a borehole or surface water body Allocate – to award a certain quantity of a 'resource' (such a land or water) to various users or to different uses. Aquifer – a reserve of water underground. The 'aquifer' is in fact spaces between grains of sand or in cracks or cavities within rock that are filled with water. Biodiversity – the variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within and among species and diversity within and among ecosystems. Carbon sequestration – the process of capturing carbon and keeping it from entering the atmosphere for some period. Carbon is sequestered in carbon sinks, such as forests, soils or oceans. Carrying capacity – a biological term that indicates the ability or capacity of an area to support or ‘carry’ plant and animal life. In human terms it is the number of people that can be supported by an area. Catchment – the area that receives or ‘catches’ the rain that flows into a particular river Consumer surplus – a net benefit realised by consumers when they buy a good at the prevailing market price. It is the difference between the maximum price consumers would be willing to pay and that which they actually pay for the units of the good purchased. Contingent valuation – the use of questionnaires about valuation to estimate the willingness of respondents to pay for public projects or programmes Molapo – a grass-covered depression that fills with water during the wet season. Also called a ‘dambo’. Delta – the area where a river approaches the sea or inland depression, spreads out and branches, and deposits most of its sediment load. Direct use value: - within the 'total economic value framework', the benefits derived from the goods and services provided by an 'ecosystem' that are used directly by an economic agent. These include consumptive uses (e.g. harvesting goods) and non-consumptive uses (e.g. enjoyment of scenic beauty). Discount rate - the interest rate at which future payments or income are discounted in a multi-period model. Reflects the time preference between consumption or income now or in the future. Discounting – the process of applying a 'discount rate'. The rate of interest to cost and benefit flows that is used to find the equivalent value today of sums receivable or payable in the future. Diversity – the total number of different organisms or species found in an area. Economic growth – the percentage change in the 'national income', resulting from investment, increases in trade, size or scale effects, or technological progress. Ecosystem – all the living organisms and the physical environment in an area, as well as all the processes that link them together. Ecosystem function – an intrinsic 'ecosystem' characteristic related to the existence of conditions and processes whereby an ecosystem maintains its integrity, such as primary productivity, predation, decomposition, nutrient cycling. Ecosystem services – the benefits people obtain from 'ecosystems', including provisioning of food and water, regulation of disease and flooding, spiritual, recreational and cultural benefits. Effluent – polluted waste water that comes from an industrial process or sewage system Endemic – a species native to a specific location and occurring nowhere else Eutrophication – the excessive growth of water pants, usually algae, due to an excess of nutrients. Evapotranspiration – loss of water through evaporation and transpiration. Existence value - the value that individuals may attach to the mere knowledge of the existence of something, as opposed to having direct use thereof. Part of non-use value. Exports - goods or services produced in one country and sold or consumed in another. Flow accounts - Used here to refer to production accounts in 'natural resource accounts', valued in terms of annual contribution to national income. Gillnet – a type of fishing net that catches fish at their gills as they swim through it. Gross domestic product (GDP) – the measure of total 'value added' (total value of all the goods and services produced in an economy, less raw materials, and other goods and services used in 89
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Economic value of the Cover Okavang
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project was f
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# # # # # # # # # # typically quite
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household demographics, the relativ
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are harvested annually in the study
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3. Wise use, based on Ramsar planni
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5.4.5 Palms........................
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1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The O
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• inform economically efficient p
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2 STUDY AREA 2.1 Location and exten
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Maunachira-Khwai) and thence into n
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2.2.5 Soils The soils of the delta
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Figure 2-3 Land use categories for
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# # # # # # # # # # Shakawe # # # #
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3 VALUATION FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLO
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other variable relevant for policy)
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3.3.2.1 Focus group discussions and
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A total of 430 households from 12 v
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Income and Expenditure Survey, a ne
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WMAs pay a lease to the local gover
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Table 4-3 Estimated direct gross ou
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Table 5-3 Average numbers of dwelli
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Table 5-6. Average number and produ
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5.3.2 Cropping Some 75% of househol
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N W SW SE C Table 5-15. Average val
Page 53 and 54: general consensus was that pottery
Page 55 and 56: Reed mats are used by a few househo
Page 57 and 58: price, and the resource generates s
Page 59 and 60: large quantities. This is a very im
Page 61 and 62: N W SW SE C Table 5-34. Estimated h
Page 63 and 64: Table 5-39 Relative proportion of d
Page 65 and 66: Mosepele (2005) recorded a fairly c
Page 67 and 68: The regulation of hunting stripped
Page 69 and 70: 5.5 The contribution of delta resou
Page 71 and 72: 6 INDIRECT USE VALUE 6.1 Indirect u
Page 73 and 74: 6.3 Indirect use values in the Okav
Page 75 and 76: estimate the net carbon sink of Aus
Page 77 and 78: Valuable migratory wildlife species
Page 79 and 80: External wildlife uses In order to
Page 81 and 82: Sanitary facilities are poorer. Alm
Page 83 and 84: Service Table 6-12. Summary of esti
Page 85 and 86: 8 THE VALUE OF THE OKAVANGO DELTA I
Page 87 and 88: Table 8-2 Summary of the direct eco
Page 89 and 90: Ramsar site Wetland Rentals & royal
Page 91 and 92: The SAM can also provide an indicat
Page 93 and 94: 9.3 Description of selected scenari
Page 95 and 96: 9.3.4 Scenario 4. Wise use plus ups
Page 97 and 98: 9.4 Parameters under different scen
Page 99 and 100: 10 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 101 and 102: 11 REFERENCES Abril, A & Bucher, E.
Page 103: Mbaiwa, J.E. 2002. The socio-econom
Page 107 and 108: Profit - the difference between 'gr
Page 109 and 110: 14 APPENDIX 2. TOURISM OPERATIONS I
Page 111 and 112: 69 Wilderness Dawning 70 Wilmot Saf
Page 113 and 114: FINANCIAL/ECONOMIC MODEL - HIGH QUA
Page 123 and 124: 16 APPENDIX 4. THE SAFARI HUNTING E
Page 135 and 136: Table A5.1 Structure of a Social Ac
Page 137 and 138: The sum of this column is the total
Page 139: generation and household expenditur
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