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existence value are unknown, it is reasonable to assume that they are correlated with biodiversity. Thus the Protection scenario is likely to rate highest in terms of existence value. The Climate Change scenario will have the greatest impact on this value. Table 9-2 Estimated outcomes in terms of direct value added, or general value, attributable to the Ramsar Site and the wetland, following five different scenarios. Note that estimates are rough. 1. Agriculture 2. Protection 3. Wise use 4. Abstraction 5. Climate change Scenario Present Ramsar site Tourism 514 100 000 471 100 000 487 920 000 568 545 000 481 850 000 379 030 000 Household use 70 231 769 70 532 221 57 520 039 70 629 294 68 297 910 63 181 679 Indirect use High High V high V high Medium Low Existence High Medium V high High Medium Low Wetland Tourism 461 520 000 431 420 000 463 524 000 519 961 500 438 945 000 346 641 000 Household use 18 989 980 17 936 907 8 189 818 19 389 135 17 753 028 14 484 703 Indirect use High High V high V high Medium Low Existence High Medium V high High Medium Low 700 600 500 P million 400 300 200 100 0 Present values 1. Agriculture 2. Protection 3. Wise use 4. Abstraction 5. Climate change Scenario Figure 9-6. Overall outcomes of the different scenarios. 82
10 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This study has attempted to value the Okavango Delta and the Ramsar site as a whole within the context of total economic value which includes direct use values, indirect use (or ecological services) values, option and non-use values. Option and non-use values have not been included in this analysis for budgetary and time reasons. The values are made with the intention that they should be, as far as possible, compatible with the national accounts of Botswana and the natural resource accounting procedures being practised by the Department of <strong>Environmental</strong> Affairs. Values have also been made for the whole Ramsar site, which includes some surrounding drylands as well as the delta wetlands, as well as for just the wetlands component of the site (i.e. Okavango Delta). Values are estimated for 2005 in Pula, which at the time was worth US$0.19. Direct use values associated with the Okavango Delta Ramsar site include those generated by nonconsumptive tourism, hunting tourism, household livestock production, household crop production, and household harvesting and processing of natural resource products. The values are overwhelmingly dominated by those generated by tourism, which takes place in the central zone, and which contributes P401 million annually to the GNP. Eighty percent of the tourism direct value is from non-consumptive activities. Ninety percent of tourism is attributable to the actual wetland within the Ramsar site, Agricultural pursuits take place mainly in the northern, western and southern zones, and contribute P42 million annually to the GNP. Ninety three percent of this is from livestock, and only 3% of it is derived from the wetland itself. Household harvesting and processing of natural resources also takes place in the north west and south, and contributes P29 million annually to GNP. Fifty three percent of this derived from the wetland. Indirect use values or ecosystem services in the form of carbon sequestration, groundwater recharge, water purification, wildlife refuge functions and provision of scientific and educational value, are provided by the Ramsar site. These were estimated to amount to some P230 million, dominated by the carbon sequestration and wildlife refuge functions. The indirect use value of the delta is estimated to be P199 million. Estimates for these values are difficult to make and are thus fairly uncertain. As stated, option and non-use values were excluded from the study. Given the high profile of the Okavango Delta, these values are expected to be very high internationally. These values require specific study. With appropriate market mechanisms, they could be captured to contribute significantly to Botswana’s income. Planning for the delta needs to ensure that these values are preserved. The direct use values generated by the Ramsar site also have a wider impact on Botswana’s economy through the multiplier. A modified social accounting matrix (SAM) model of the Botswana economy was used to determine that for every P1.00 that direct uses contribute to the GNP, another P1.50 in GNP contribution is generated in the wider economy through demand created in backward linkages. Thus, the Ramsar site has a total annual impact on the GNP amounting to P1.2 billion, or 2.6% of the total national GNP. Eighty one percent of this total impact is contributed by the wetland. The multiplier effect is higher for formal tourism sector activities than for household agriculture and natural resource use. However, policies aimed at reducing the fairly high import component of tourism linkages, might increase the multiplier effects. The Ramsar site contributes to livelihoods of its people through profits (both cash and in-kind) from agricultural and natural resource use, through wages and salaries in the tourism sector and from rentals and royalties in the tourism sector. Poor households in the study area benefit from profits amounting to P99 million, from wages and salaries amounting to P102 million, and from rentals and royalties amounting to an estimated P25 million. The wetland contributes less than 3% of profits, but nearly all the wages and royalty benefits. Of the direct contribution made to the national GNP by the Ramsar site (P472 million per annum), 31% accrues to low income elements of society. In the total (both direct and indirect) contribution made to the national GNP by the Ramsar site, this figure is lower, being some 18%. 83
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Economic value of the Cover Okavang
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project was f
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# # # # # # # # # # typically quite
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household demographics, the relativ
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are harvested annually in the study
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3. Wise use, based on Ramsar planni
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5.4.5 Palms........................
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1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The O
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• inform economically efficient p
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2 STUDY AREA 2.1 Location and exten
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Maunachira-Khwai) and thence into n
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2.2.5 Soils The soils of the delta
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Figure 2-3 Land use categories for
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# # # # # # # # # # Shakawe # # # #
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3 VALUATION FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLO
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other variable relevant for policy)
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3.3.2.1 Focus group discussions and
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A total of 430 households from 12 v
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Income and Expenditure Survey, a ne
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WMAs pay a lease to the local gover
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Table 4-3 Estimated direct gross ou
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Table 5-3 Average numbers of dwelli
Page 47 and 48: Table 5-6. Average number and produ
Page 49 and 50: 5.3.2 Cropping Some 75% of househol
Page 51 and 52: N W SW SE C Table 5-15. Average val
Page 53 and 54: general consensus was that pottery
Page 55 and 56: Reed mats are used by a few househo
Page 57 and 58: price, and the resource generates s
Page 59 and 60: large quantities. This is a very im
Page 61 and 62: N W SW SE C Table 5-34. Estimated h
Page 63 and 64: Table 5-39 Relative proportion of d
Page 65 and 66: Mosepele (2005) recorded a fairly c
Page 67 and 68: The regulation of hunting stripped
Page 69 and 70: 5.5 The contribution of delta resou
Page 71 and 72: 6 INDIRECT USE VALUE 6.1 Indirect u
Page 73 and 74: 6.3 Indirect use values in the Okav
Page 75 and 76: estimate the net carbon sink of Aus
Page 77 and 78: Valuable migratory wildlife species
Page 79 and 80: External wildlife uses In order to
Page 81 and 82: Sanitary facilities are poorer. Alm
Page 83 and 84: Service Table 6-12. Summary of esti
Page 85 and 86: 8 THE VALUE OF THE OKAVANGO DELTA I
Page 87 and 88: Table 8-2 Summary of the direct eco
Page 89 and 90: Ramsar site Wetland Rentals & royal
Page 91 and 92: The SAM can also provide an indicat
Page 93 and 94: 9.3 Description of selected scenari
Page 95 and 96: 9.3.4 Scenario 4. Wise use plus ups
Page 97: 9.4 Parameters under different scen
Page 101 and 102: 11 REFERENCES Abril, A & Bucher, E.
Page 103 and 104: Mbaiwa, J.E. 2002. The socio-econom
Page 105 and 106: 12 GLOSSARY Abstraction - pumping w
Page 107 and 108: Profit - the difference between 'gr
Page 109 and 110: 14 APPENDIX 2. TOURISM OPERATIONS I
Page 111 and 112: 69 Wilderness Dawning 70 Wilmot Saf
Page 113 and 114: FINANCIAL/ECONOMIC MODEL - HIGH QUA
Page 123 and 124: 16 APPENDIX 4. THE SAFARI HUNTING E
Page 135 and 136: Table A5.1 Structure of a Social Ac
Page 137 and 138: The sum of this column is the total
Page 139: generation and household expenditur
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