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External wildlife uses
In order to estimate the indirect use value, the external areas needed to be defined first:
• External to the wetland: around half of the (drier) parts of the Ramsar site, all of Ngamiland
outside the Ramsar site and Central district (concession areas);
• External to the Ramsar site: all of Ngamiland outside Ramsar site and Central District
(concession areas).
It has been assumed that all hunting quotas in these areas could be attributed to wildlife associated
with the wetland. Hunting and eco tourism are the most important uses of migratory wildlife outside
the wetland. The hunting quotas for the species outside the wetland were obtained for the years 2005
and the on-going hunting season 2006. While the total number of hunting quotas decreased from
2005 to 2006, the quotas for valuable species such as elephant increased. The number of quotas is
relatively small, but their value is significant as elephant, lion and buffalo are high value species.
These species account for the bulk of the income of the hunting industry (ULG 2001). Data on
ecotourism are scarce, and the value of ecotourism has been determined as a percentage of hunting.
Species values
The species values have been derived from the ‘model hunts’ used in the 2000 review of the hunting
industry (ULG 2001). For example, a model hunt of five elephants was assumed to take twenty one
days at a price of US$ 221 000, or 44 200 per elephant. The latter is equivalent to P 221 000, using
the exchange rate of US$ 1- Pula 5.4. The estimated indirect value associated with hunting would be
in the order of P 30.3 million per annum for the Ramsar site and P 51.2 million for the wetland. Over
eighty percent is attributed to elephant hunting.
Species
Table 6-8. Estimated indirect use value of wildlife related to hunting (2005)
Other Ramsar site and rest of
Central
value in Pula
Ngamiland
Total value (million P)
Quota
quota
Wetland area
Buffalo 78300 71.25 8 6.2
Elephant 238680 149.4 29 42.6
Lion 127980 12.1 3 1.9
Wildebeest,
blue 5130 53.75 3 0.3
Zebra 5000 37.2 6 0.2
Total 51.2
Ramsar site
Buffalo 78300 21 8 2.3
Elephant 238680 82.4 29 26.6
Lion 127980 6.1 3 1.1
Wildebeest,
blue 5130 29.75 3 0.2
Zebra 5000 24.2 6 0.2
Total 30.3
Note: wildebeest and zebra only license and trophy value.
Source: DWNP hunting quota 2005; ULG 2001.
Data for the estimates for the off-site value of eco-tourism are scarce and incomplete. Therefore, the
value of off-site tourism has been estimated as a fraction of the hunting income. DWNP data on
royalties of concession holders were used to estimate the ratio of gross incomes of the hunting and
ecotourism sub-sectors. The share of tourism was roughly half that of the hunting sector. It is further
assumed that the indirect use value of valuable birds such as the slated eagle and the wattle crane is
included in this estimate. Therefore, the indirect value of off-site tourism is estimated to be P25.6
million for the wetland area and P15.2 million for the Ramsar site. The total value is estimated in
Table 6-9. The indirect use value of wildlife refuge has increased in 2006, mostly due to an increase
in elephant hunting quotas.
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