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5.4.6 Wild foods and medicines Wild foods and medicines are harvested by the majority of households in the study area. Although this includes both rich and poor households, according to focus group discussions, poor households tend to harvest more. Women from all types of households tend to harvest fruits and leaves for food, whilst men also harvest medicinal plants. Some 23 of the more common wild food plants used in the study area are listed in Table 5-29 (based on focus group discussions). Only three of these come from the wetland, one of which (Tswii or water lily) is highly important. Focus groups differed in their perception of the contribution of wetland versus upland wild food plants, with estimates being in the range of 2-7%, apart from one group that claimed it was 85% (Gumare). The latter is highly implausible, however. Use of wild foods various through the year, mainly due to the availability of these foods, rather than a particular period of household shortage of food or income. According to focus groups, fruits are mainly harvested during March – July and December – January (Figure 5-1). Wild vegetables tend to be harvested while they are available during December-January, during the rainy season (Figure 5-1). The availability of wild foods from year to year is also strongly dependent on rainfall (Table 5-29). % annual harvest 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Sehitwa: fruits and roots Maun: fruits % annual harvest 60 50 40 30 20 10 Sejotwa: vegetables Maun: vegetables Gumare: wild foods - - Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 5-1 Relative use of wild foods over the year A few of the medicinal plants harvested by ordinary households are listed in Table 5-30. It should be noted that the list harvested by traditional healers would be much longer, but a detailed study of medicinal plant use was beyond the scope of this study. One of the six medicinal plants mentioned was a wetland species, the remainder being obtained in the uplands. It was difficult to obtain a reasonable assessment of value and availability in these groups. The results of this study suggest that 53 – 65% of households in the study area harvested wild foods in the past year. Not all households provided data on the amount of use, however. Based on the data obtained, it is estimated that at least 75 tons of wild foods are harvested from the wetland per year, with less than 20% of this being traded (Table 5-31). This yields a net private value of just under P100 000 to households, though the value is very small at a household level (Table 5-31). In comparison, over 200 tons are harvested from the uplands, with a similar proportion being sold (Table 5-32). Upland foods are worth some P1.3 million to households. Thus wetland foods contribute about 7% of the value of wild foods. Relatively few households harvested medicines, probably based primarily on household needs. Indeed, most of the harvest is for own use, with only about 23% being sold. Medicinal plants are worth in the order of P280 000 to households in the study area (Table 5-33). The contribution by wetlands was not established and is expected to be smaller than for foods. Many households in the study area use the fruits harvested together with sorghum to brew Kgadi beer (Table 5-34). Those households that do produce beer do so on a regular basis and produce fairly 42
large quantities. This is a very important cash-generating activity, and over 90% of the beer produced is sold. Producer households may earn over P2500 per year from this activity, with a total value of P2.4 million to households in the study area (Table 5-34). Upland or wetland Wetland Upland Part used Bulb Fruits Fruits Leaves Roots Roots Table 5-29 Details of food plants provided during focus group discussions Species Local price per unit Availability Trend Tswii P2- P5 Scarce to enough; Bulb or cooked rainfall-dependent Depends on rainfall Moxinga P1 - 2 per cup Constant Enough Constant- but elephants Mxumi P.10/fruit cattle and donkey destroy this tree. Motsentsila Mmupudu Moretologa Mokgomphate Motetlwa P1.00 per cup Scarce to enough; Decreasing due to veld fires rainfall-dependent and low rains Motsaudi Mochaba Mokuchumo Motopi Mogwana Mokgalo Mutsanga Enough Decreasing Murama Leketa P1-2 per cup Scarce to enough; Decreasing, have to travel (dried) rainfall-dependent far to get it Thepe Dried P1/cup Decreasing, have to travel far to get it Delele P1 per cup (dried) Enough Dikouyama Not sold Decreasing Legonyana Monoga Not sold Enough Decreasing Mosvegapoo Upland or wetland Table 5-30 Details of medicinal plants provided during focus group discussions Part used Species Local price per unit Availability Trend Wetland Root Mbodzi Not sold Enough Decreasing Upland Root Mophane Mogonono Sitsi Devils Claw Not sold Enough Decreasing Fruit Thulathulani 43
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Economic value of the Cover Okavang
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project was f
Page 7 and 8: # # # # # # # # # # typically quite
Page 9 and 10: household demographics, the relativ
Page 11 and 12: are harvested annually in the study
Page 13 and 14: 3. Wise use, based on Ramsar planni
Page 15 and 16: 5.4.5 Palms........................
Page 17 and 18: 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The O
Page 19 and 20: • inform economically efficient p
Page 21 and 22: 2 STUDY AREA 2.1 Location and exten
Page 23 and 24: Maunachira-Khwai) and thence into n
Page 25 and 26: 2.2.5 Soils The soils of the delta
Page 27 and 28: Figure 2-3 Land use categories for
Page 29 and 30: # # # # # # # # # # Shakawe # # # #
Page 31 and 32: 3 VALUATION FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLO
Page 33 and 34: other variable relevant for policy)
Page 35 and 36: 3.3.2.1 Focus group discussions and
Page 37 and 38: A total of 430 households from 12 v
Page 39 and 40: Income and Expenditure Survey, a ne
Page 41 and 42: WMAs pay a lease to the local gover
Page 43 and 44: Table 4-3 Estimated direct gross ou
Page 45 and 46: Table 5-3 Average numbers of dwelli
Page 47 and 48: Table 5-6. Average number and produ
Page 49 and 50: 5.3.2 Cropping Some 75% of househol
Page 51 and 52: N W SW SE C Table 5-15. Average val
Page 53 and 54: general consensus was that pottery
Page 55 and 56: Reed mats are used by a few househo
Page 57: price, and the resource generates s
Page 61 and 62: N W SW SE C Table 5-34. Estimated h
Page 63 and 64: Table 5-39 Relative proportion of d
Page 65 and 66: Mosepele (2005) recorded a fairly c
Page 67 and 68: The regulation of hunting stripped
Page 69 and 70: 5.5 The contribution of delta resou
Page 71 and 72: 6 INDIRECT USE VALUE 6.1 Indirect u
Page 73 and 74: 6.3 Indirect use values in the Okav
Page 75 and 76: estimate the net carbon sink of Aus
Page 77 and 78: Valuable migratory wildlife species
Page 79 and 80: External wildlife uses In order to
Page 81 and 82: Sanitary facilities are poorer. Alm
Page 83 and 84: Service Table 6-12. Summary of esti
Page 85 and 86: 8 THE VALUE OF THE OKAVANGO DELTA I
Page 87 and 88: Table 8-2 Summary of the direct eco
Page 89 and 90: Ramsar site Wetland Rentals & royal
Page 91 and 92: The SAM can also provide an indicat
Page 93 and 94: 9.3 Description of selected scenari
Page 95 and 96: 9.3.4 Scenario 4. Wise use plus ups
Page 97 and 98: 9.4 Parameters under different scen
Page 99 and 100: 10 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 101 and 102: 11 REFERENCES Abril, A & Bucher, E.
Page 103 and 104: Mbaiwa, J.E. 2002. The socio-econom
Page 105 and 106: 12 GLOSSARY Abstraction - pumping w
Page 107 and 108: Profit - the difference between 'gr
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14 APPENDIX 2. TOURISM OPERATIONS I
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69 Wilderness Dawning 70 Wilmot Saf
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FINANCIAL/ECONOMIC MODEL - HIGH QUA
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16 APPENDIX 4. THE SAFARI HUNTING E
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Table A5.1 Structure of a Social Ac
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The sum of this column is the total
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generation and household expenditur
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