Download PDF - Anchor Environmental

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Explanation of main accounts of the SAM The detailed components of the SAM are listed in Table A1. This section also includes a description of how the Basic SAM was modified for the Ramsar site analysis. Table A5.2 Detailed components of the SAM Component Products (48) Activities (38) Factors of production (11) Institutions (13) Capital (1) Rest of World (1) Extended SAM for Ramsar site 4 Agricultural products 5 Agricultural products produced in the Delta 1 Mining 18 Manufactured goods, utilities & construction 9 Services (excluding services related to the Delta) 10 Products related to tourism in the Delta, mainly accommodation and transportation services Trade margins 3 Agricultural activities 5 Agricultural activities in the Delta 1 Mining 12 Manufacturing, utilities & construction 7 Services (excluding services related to the Delta) 10 Activities related to tourism in the Delta, mainly accommodation and transportation services 6 Labour • City skilled labour, unskilled labour • Village skilled labour, unskilled labour • Rural skilled labour, unskilled labour Gross operating surplus, mining Gross operating surplus, non-mining Taxes net of subsidies on production Mixed Income in Traditional Agriculture and natural-resource based activities Rents & royalties on traditional land used for tourism 9 Households: • City, 3 income groups • Town, 3 income groups • Rural, 3 income groups 3 Enterprises: mining, public, private (non-mining) Government Savings & Investment Imports & Exports Products and Activities. The SAM distinguishes products (markets for the goods and services) from activities, that is, the domestic production of commodities by industries. This distinction is important in some economies because some activities may produce more than one commodity. For example, farming activities may produce both livestock and crop products, or the fishing industry may produce both fish and processed fish products. Reading down the column of the commodity account shows how much of each commodity is supplied by domestic activities (the detailed SAM will show this for each activity or industry) and how much is imported from the Rest of the World (ROW). There are two additional entries in this column: • Trade margin, which is the difference between the price received by the producer and the price paid by the purchaser. This difference is the ‘markup’ added by wholesale or retail traders. Similar margins for transportation from producer to purchaser and other associated services (insurance) are also included, reflecting the cost of moving a product from the producer (or, in the case of imports, from the border) to the purchaser. • Taxes less subsidies on products include taxes like the fuel levy or import tariffs on specific products. 120
The sum of this column is the total supply of commodities available in the economy, valued at the prices purchasers pay. Reading across the row shows the uses for all commodities: as inputs to domestic production activities, and to final users including households, government, investment and ROW (exports). Total use of commodities is equal to total supply. The activity accounts show production by domestic industry: across the activity account rows, the amount of each commodity an industry supplies, down the activity account column, the cost of production which includes the inputs required for production, ‘factor inputs’ and taxes on production. Both product and activity accounts are extended from the Basic SAM by including Agricultural activities and products • Dryland crop farming • Molapo crop farming • Livestock in villages • Livestock in cattle posts • Other natural-resource based activities (pottery, fuelwood, grass and thatch, etc.) Tourism-related activities and products • Lodges • Hunting camps • Mobile safaris • Guest houses • Hotels in the Delta • Restaurants & Bars in the Delta • Transportation (air charter) • Travel agent services • Shopping by tourists • Other CBNRM-related goods produced in the Delta and purchased by tourists These have been described in greater detail earlier in the report. Factor accounts. Factor accounts consist of factor inputs to production: labour, capital/mixed income, and rent on property. Labour is disaggregated into 6 types by skill level and location. Skilled labour consists of those classified as Professionals, Managerial workers and Clerical workers. Unskilled workers include those classified as Manual and Unskilled workers. Workers are further differentiated by place of employment: City, Town or Rural. Income to capital distinguishes the gross operating surplus (GOS) of Mining enterprises and GOS of Non-mining enterprises. The earnings of the self-employed, such as farmers, are called ‘mixed income’ because the surplus of sales revenue over input costs includes both a payment for their own labour as well as a payment for capital inputs. The Ramsar site SAM includes a category of mixed income for farmers and other producers in the Okavango Delta. An additional category of income is created to represent the rent and royalties received by local communities and government agencies for use of their land for tourism. Institution accounts. There are three major categories of institutions: households, enterprises and government. Households obtain income (across the row) by supplying labour as a factor in production, but also receive transfers from other households, from government, from ROW, and distributed earnings (interest and dividend payments) from enterprises. The expenditure of households (down the column) includes purchases of goods and services for consumption, transfers made to other households, taxes paid to government, remittances to ROW and savings. The Basic SAM distinguished 30 types of household by income decile (10) and location (3). These were aggregated into 9 types of households for the Ramsar site SAM, 3 income groups for each of the 3 locations (City, Town, and Village). Low income households cover those falling into the first 3 income deciles; middle income include those in deciles 4-7, and high income households include those in deciles 8-10. Enterprises receive income from factor markets for the capital they provide and use the income by distributing it to households and ROW, paying taxes, and saving (retained earnings). Three types of enterprises are represented here: Mining, Non-mining, and Public enterprises. Government receives 121
Page 1:
Economic value of the Cover Okavang
Page 5 and 6:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project was f
Page 7 and 8:
# # # # # # # # # # typically quite
Page 9 and 10:
household demographics, the relativ
Page 11 and 12:
are harvested annually in the study
Page 13 and 14:
3. Wise use, based on Ramsar planni
Page 15 and 16:
5.4.5 Palms........................
Page 17 and 18:
1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The O
Page 19 and 20:
• inform economically efficient p
Page 21 and 22:
2 STUDY AREA 2.1 Location and exten
Page 23 and 24:
Maunachira-Khwai) and thence into n
Page 25 and 26:
2.2.5 Soils The soils of the delta
Page 27 and 28:
Figure 2-3 Land use categories for
Page 29 and 30:
# # # # # # # # # # Shakawe # # # #
Page 31 and 32:
3 VALUATION FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLO
Page 33 and 34:
other variable relevant for policy)
Page 35 and 36:
3.3.2.1 Focus group discussions and
Page 37 and 38:
A total of 430 households from 12 v
Page 39 and 40:
Income and Expenditure Survey, a ne
Page 41 and 42:
WMAs pay a lease to the local gover
Page 43 and 44:
Table 4-3 Estimated direct gross ou
Page 45 and 46:
Table 5-3 Average numbers of dwelli
Page 47 and 48:
Table 5-6. Average number and produ
Page 49 and 50:
5.3.2 Cropping Some 75% of househol
Page 51 and 52:
N W SW SE C Table 5-15. Average val
Page 53 and 54:
general consensus was that pottery
Page 55 and 56:
Reed mats are used by a few househo
Page 57 and 58:
price, and the resource generates s
Page 59 and 60:
large quantities. This is a very im
Page 61 and 62:
N W SW SE C Table 5-34. Estimated h
Page 63 and 64:
Table 5-39 Relative proportion of d
Page 65 and 66:
Mosepele (2005) recorded a fairly c
Page 67 and 68:
The regulation of hunting stripped
Page 69 and 70:
5.5 The contribution of delta resou
Page 71 and 72:
6 INDIRECT USE VALUE 6.1 Indirect u
Page 73 and 74:
6.3 Indirect use values in the Okav
Page 75 and 76:
estimate the net carbon sink of Aus
Page 77 and 78:
Valuable migratory wildlife species
Page 79 and 80:
External wildlife uses In order to
Page 81 and 82:
Sanitary facilities are poorer. Alm
Page 83 and 84:
Service Table 6-12. Summary of esti
Page 85 and 86: 8 THE VALUE OF THE OKAVANGO DELTA I
Page 87 and 88: Table 8-2 Summary of the direct eco
Page 89 and 90: Ramsar site Wetland Rentals & royal
Page 91 and 92: The SAM can also provide an indicat
Page 93 and 94: 9.3 Description of selected scenari
Page 95 and 96: 9.3.4 Scenario 4. Wise use plus ups
Page 97 and 98: 9.4 Parameters under different scen
Page 99 and 100: 10 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 101 and 102: 11 REFERENCES Abril, A & Bucher, E.
Page 103 and 104: Mbaiwa, J.E. 2002. The socio-econom
Page 105 and 106: 12 GLOSSARY Abstraction - pumping w
Page 107 and 108: Profit - the difference between 'gr
Page 109 and 110: 14 APPENDIX 2. TOURISM OPERATIONS I
Page 111 and 112: 69 Wilderness Dawning 70 Wilmot Saf
Page 113 and 114: FINANCIAL/ECONOMIC MODEL - HIGH QUA
Page 123 and 124: 16 APPENDIX 4. THE SAFARI HUNTING E
Page 135: Table A5.1 Structure of a Social Ac
Page 139: generation and household expenditur
show all

Download PDF - Anchor Environmental

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?